| Human cognition and application of things is an important foundation for the development of civilization.As such a "thing",redwood entered the Chinese cultural system mainly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and became an important part of it.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,redwood consumption gradually became fashionable.It can be said that redwood consumption is the epitome of social and cultural changes.This paper takes the redwood consumption and social and cultural changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the research topic.And attempts to present the basic context of the formation and development of Chinese rosewood culture by examining the cognition,application and popularization of rosewood in Ming and Qing society.This paper also explores the process of social and cultural change shown by rosewood consumption,as well as the situation of Sino-foreign cultural exchanges and national cultural integration in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The full text is divided into five parts:The introduction briefly describes the research background,research status and research methods of this paper.The first chapter discusses the connotation and extension of "Redwood".First of all,we traced the name change of "redwood" in history,and made it clear that redwood mainly refers to the wood used to make furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Secondly,the basic characteristics and uses of redwood were investigated.The article found that the basic characteristic of redwood was that the wood was hard,and redwood could not only be used to make furniture,utensils and buildings,but also to treat diseases.The second chapter discusses the consumption of redwood in Ming Dynasty.First,the source of redwood in Ming Dynasty is introduced.The domestic redwood resources are mainly distributed in Guangdong and Hainan.Due to the limited production here,the domestic market relies on imported redwood resources from Southeast Asia.Secondly,combined with the social background of the early Ming Dynasty.From the perspective of politics and culture,examine the etiquette norms at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.And analyze how the state uses furniture symbols to achieve the purpose of stabilizing the ruling order.Thirdly,it describes the consumption of redwood in society in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.And points out that under the background of the prevailing social consumption,all classes purchased redwood and made redwood furniture.Finally,the reasons for the rise of redwood consumption in Ming Dynasty are analyzed from multiple levels.This paper believes that the development of social economy,the change of consumption concept and the improvement of craftsman’s handicraft are the main reasons for the rise of redwood consumption in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.The third chapter discusses the consumption of redwood in Qing Dynasty.First,the source of redwood in the Qing Dynasty was introduced.In the Qing Dynasty,redwood furniture was continued to be used and made,and redwood resources were mainly imported from Southeast Asia through Guangdong Customs.Secondly,it analyzes the characteristics of Manchu furniture culture,and thinks that the production of Manchu furniture emphasizes gold and silver plating and jewelry carving,which is very different from the simple and simple furniture emphasized by the scholars in the Central Plains.Thirdly,it describes the consumption of redwood in the Qing court and the people.The Qing Palace Building Office built redwood furniture based on the emperor’s aesthetics.The emperor entrusted local officials to purchase redwood resources,and the ministers of the frontiers also "did what they liked" and paid tribute to redwood furniture.The consumption of redwood in the Qing Palace has affected the trend of consumption of redwood in the folk to a certain extent.Folk redwood furniture is also mostly made of red sandalwood.Finally,it analyzes the characteristics of redwood consumption culture in Qing Dynasty,and believes that advocating the consumption of western goods,luxury consumption of Manchu nobles,and regional differences in redwood consumption are the main characteristics of redwood consumption culture in Qing Dynasty.The fourth chapter is the analysis part,which discusses how the consumption of redwood in Ming and Qing Dynasties affected social and cultural changes.First,the changes in the consumption of redwood in the Ming Dynasty are the epitome of the changes in the social structure of the Ming Dynasty.With the development of the commodity economy and the rise of consumption habits,the hierarchical social structure formulated by the state was be challenged.Consumption and lifestyle became one of the important indicators of social stratification.Scholars and businessmen compete for the position of social elites through cultural and economic hands,which reflects the changes in the social structure of the Ming Dynasty.Second,the traditional etiquette culture influenced the development of redwood furniture culture.There are corresponding etiquette norms for the production and use of redwood furniture.In the selection of materials and decoration,the ruler and ministers are required to be different,and the concept of hierarchy is emphasized in the use and display.Third,the development of redwood furniture reflects the integration of Manchu and Han cultures.After the Qing army entered the customs,they continued to use and make "Ming-style furniture" led by scholars of the late Ming Dynasty,while retaining the aesthetic style of Manchu furniture.After Yongzheng,"Ming-style furniture" gradually declined,and "Qing-style furniture" sprouted and developed.Furniture production combined with Western culture,gradually deviating from the quaintness emphasized by "Ming-style furniture".The development from "Ming-style furniture" to "Qing-style furniture" is the result of the integration of Manchu and Han cultures.The fifth part is the conclusion.After the redwood was imported from Southeast Asia to China,it was gradually recognized and loved by the Chinese.People consume redwood and use redwood furniture in their daily life,forming a redwood culture with Chinese characteristics.In the process of ethnic exchanges,each ethnic group actively accepts the Central Plains redwood culture,and at the same time combines its own cultural characteristics to create a redwood culture with its own characteristics,thus adding to the Chinese redwood culture.The formation and construction of Chinese redwood culture fully demonstrates the vivid process of material and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and the integration of national cultures. |
