In The Ming And Qing Dynasties, The Rise And Fall Of The Sacrificial System And The Social Interaction (1368-1949)

The most important two things of a country are sacrifice and military.In ancient society of China,sacrificial has been occupying the important position.The Guan-zhong is one of the important areas in the process of Chinese sacrificial culture development.From the zhou dynasty to the tang dynasty,as an area that provide a place to establish capital,the sacrificial object and the sacrificial etiquette in Guan-zhong embodies the state will,because of the dynasty ritual' s influence.During Ming and Qing Dynasties,though the political economic and cultural center has been migrating eastward and southward,Guanzhong is a strategic area which can communicate the north west and move south to Bashu.So its sacrificial culture is still under the influence of the dynasty sacrifice system.At the same time,on account of far away from the state' s political center,the folk sacrificial culture afford a chance to develop itself.In the long history of China,the state sacrificial culture and the folk sacrificial culture joint development,and make up the overall perspective of the sacrificial system in Guanzhong during the Ming and Qing dynasty.As the material carrier of sacrificial culture,ancestral temple takes up an important place in Guanzhong's sacrificial culture.In the official's eyes,the ancestral temple which consecrate sacrificial rites of gods is a symbol to Establish dynasty authority.So the official sacrificial system of Guan-zhong is under the influence of dynasty sacrificial system in the Ming and qing dynasties.Whether ritual objects or temple layout,it has been playing with dynasty ritual.Especially altar,Confucius worship and article sacrificial temple,they are all bearing tightly restricted.Behind it reflects the ancient temple in construction when a strong concept of feng shui and ritual.Compare with the official sacrificial temple,the folk worship temple has not too much regulation.The space distribution,construction scale is usually related to such factors as the faithful distribution and spirit function.So compared with the orderly official sacrificial temple,the folk sacrificial temple often reflects disordered and uneven distribution characteristics.The development of Guan-zhong folk sacrifice has very obvious time characteristics during the the Ming and Qing dynasty,and its rise and fall is closely associted with dynasty rulers and political intentions.Both once thriving water god worship and courtiers sacrifice in the Ming and qing dynasties,and god worship,behind the rise and fall of the temple,it hidden deep political intentions.In addition,the changes of the natural environment,regional differences in customs,driving factors such as The Times change and the rise and fall of the guanzhong folk worship Taoist temple has a profound impact.Since Ming and qing dynasty,Guan-zhong officer sacrifice and folk sacrifice always is maintaining a state of transformation of game with each other.On the one hand,the official has the purposes of enlightenment,in addition to stipulate the official sacrifice object,hierarchy and fete ceremony,outside of sacrificial rites ritual activities also has been giving different degree restriction.Advocated by the official sacrificial system,on the other hand,mainly in order to maintain its dominance,not completely accepted by ordinary people.And for their own survival and mental demand,people pray from the sacrificial rites of the gods.This phenomenon result in the rise of the Guan-zhong folk sacrifice culture in the Ming and qing dynasties.The relationship between the official sacrifice and the folk sacrifice is not a simple binary opposition,under certainconditions,transformation and penetration would happen.For official rituals,the promotion of local officials and the function of the gods are important factors for restricting it convert to a folk sacrifice.For folk sacrifice,sacrificial rites system has always been the deciding factor to restrict it convert to official sacrifices.In addition,the function of the gods is in line with the official rule needs,attitude to folk sacrifice factors such as local officials will also have an impact on it.By the historical geography inspections of the Guan-zhong sacrificial system change since Ming and qing dynasty,political upheaval is the primary factor to affect the sacrificial system change.From the military rule of the Ming dynasty,to the recuperation of Qing dynasty,to thevhui uprising of late qing dynasty,and finally to warlords during the period of the Republic of China,The series of political upheaval notting are all the important nodes of the Guan-zhong sacrificial system change.Second,the change of population and population will also directly effects on the sacrificial system changes.Hui uprising in late qing dynasty hits the sacrificial system weightily in Guan-zhong,and many Taoist temple are destroyed.However,after the hui people move west,a lot of village was accounted by the han people,and they build the temple to worship in local,Which opened a new space for the development of the guanzhong sacrificial system.Again,the changes of the faith will also affect the sacrificial system development.In the Republic of China and the late qing dynasty,with the incoming of western religious thought,the traditional belief system of China has been changed radically.Thus caused a progressive loss of worship group,damage to temple worship,sacrifice space by extrusion,and many other problems.Under the impact of these unfavorable factors,the sacrifice ceremony ended in the end for more than two thousand years.