Existentialist Marxism Ideological Construction In Sartre’s Literature In The 1950s

Jean-Paul Sartre（June 21,1905--April 15,1980）is one of the most important philosophers in France in the 20^thcentury and the main representative of Existential philosophy.In addition,he is also an excellent writer,critic and social activist.In his life,Sartre was paying close attention to the trend of the whole world.Based on his philosophical consideration,he wrote a large number of philosophical works,critical articles and literary works.In 1947,Sartre put forward his famous“Literary Intervention”in his aesthetic work What Is Literature,declaring that literary creation should participate in the development of philosophy and politics,and expose the essence of the world.However,as to the problem of existence,Sartre had been exploring it from perspective of literature since 1931.It can be said that in his long literary career,his attention and thinking on social problems are reflected in his literary creations.And at the same time,his philosophical thought has been constantly updated and developed and connotation of his thought has been deepened in this process.To some extent,his works in different periods are the greatest embodiment of his philosophical thought.Sartre’s philosophical thought experiences two important stages,namely“The First Sartre”and“The Second Sartre”pointed out by Chinese scholars.“The first Sartre”means one period in which Sartre was that famous existentialist philosopher.At this stage,he focused on the problem of human survival and was committed to completing his existential philosophy;“The second Sartre”refers to a period in the late 1940s,especially in the 1950s when he began to accept Marxism.At this stage,Sartre adjusted his existential thought according to the change of the whole world after wars.He began to emphasize the consciousness of individual responsibility,concerning about interactive relationship between individual and society,and based on these thoughts he wrote The Critique of Dialectical Rationality in 1960.In this book,Sartre systematically expounded his Existentialist Marxism philosophy,presenting his achievements in developing and perfecting Marxism with Existentialism throughout 1950s.And in the ten years of ideological exploration in the 1950s,Sartre’s three plays,Devil and God,Nekrasov and The Hermit of Altona,reflected the process of his ideological transformation,which plays significant role in studying Sartre’s Existentialist Marxism philosophy for future generation.Based on the close relationship between Sartre’s Existentialist Marxism philosophy,the ideological difference of several periods in his drama in the 1950s,and the ideological differences in different periods reflected between Sartre’s drama creations in the 1950s and his literary creations in the 1930s and 1940s,this thesis attempts to use comparative research to analyze Sartre’s literary works according to his philosophical ideas,interpreting the Existentialist Marxism philosophical thought contained,then to present how his historical dialectical theory and practical view are shown in his literary works.Starting with the transformation of Sartre’s existential freedom thought in the 1940s and 1950s,through the text interpretation and comparison of Fly and Devil and God,Dirty Hand and Nekrasov,and combined with the historical facts of Western anti-communism in the 1940s,this thesis shows Sartre’s gradually leftist ideological position in philosophy and politics,and the ideological basis of his Existential Marxist historical dialectics.Then,through the comparison between the early isolated thinking and the later integrated thinking embodied in Sartre’s Nausea and Devil and God,this thesis explains the process of his acceptance of Marxist historical materialism.On this basis,with Sartre’s criticism on the general problem of“totality”in dogmatic Marxism’s thought and practice,this thesis also explains his thinking on the“empty field of human studies”of Marxism in the 20^thcentury;Finally,on the basis of excavating the practical implication of the early existential humanistic view embodied in Sartre’s Nausea,this paper proves the far-reaching relationship between Sartre and the practical connotation in Marxism,and shows his efforts to return to the connotation of Marxist personal practice with the help of the method of progress-regress through the literary expression of the relationship between practice and history in Sartre’s three dramas in the 1950s.Last but not least,according to Sartre’s thinking about the relationship between practice and history,this thesis also expounds his answer to the question of how to carry out practice organically in history through analysis of different collective forces in Sartre’s dramas in the 1950s.The significance of this thesis is reflected in two aspects:literary research and theoretical research.At the level of literary research,this thesis verifies the feasibility of interdisciplinary comparative research between literature and philosophy by analyzing the close relationship between Sartre’s literary works and his philosophical thoughts,which shows the important guiding role of philosophical analysis in the interpretation of literature and the elucidating role of literary creation in philosophical thought.At the level of theoretical research,based on the interpretation of literary texts,this thesis analyzes and criticizes Existentialist Marxism—this ideological achievement of Western Marxism,which provides a valuable theoretical help for the Sinicization of Marxism.