| Inheritors are not only the core and soul of intangible cultural heritage protection and inheritance,but also the subject of inheritance in reality.China’s protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage relies on the four-level system of representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage.It is of great practical significance to protect and give full play to the inheritor’s subjectivity to improve the protection level of intangible cultural heritage and realize rural revitalization and development.The "Opinions on Promoting Cultural Industries to Empower Rural Revitalization" issued by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2022 emphasizes the role of inheritors as demonstration leaders.How to exert the inheritor’s subjectivity is an important problem worth thinking about.In previous studies,the academic circle paid attention to the lack of endogenous motivation and subjectivity of inheritors in the practice of intangible heritage protection,and also paid attention to the connection between the needs of inheritors and the play of subjectivity.However,few scholars put forward specific countermeasures and suggestions for the play of inheritors’ subjectivity comprehensively.Taking Enshi Lantern Opera as an example,this paper traces the transformation of the identity of the folk artist to the inheritor from the historical origin of the development of the lantern opera,analyzes the inheritor’s subjectivity demand,practice process and dilemma,and puts forward the realization path of the inheritor’s subjectivity demand on this basis.In June 2008,Enshi Lantern Opera was included in the list of representative items of national intangible cultural heritage.Enshi Lantern Drama is mainly distributed in Enshi City,Lichuan city,Xuan ’en County,Laifeng County,Hefeng County and other areas in Enshi Prefecture.Lantern shows take different forms in these regions.Among them,the lamp drama in Baiyangping Town of Enshi city is the most distinctive,and Baiyangping town is therefore called the hometown of Enshi Lamp drama.There are 12 villages in Baiyangping town,among which Dongxiacao village is the most representative with the most profound history and mass foundation,dating back to more than 200 years ago.Dongxiacao village used to be called Yangjiao Dam,and the lantern play in the village was once called "Yangjiao Lantern Play".Enshi Lantern Opera has been listed as a representative item of national intangible cultural heritage,and the status of folk lantern opera artists has changed to non-hereditary inheritors.Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory of human motivation,combined with field investigation,it is found that the needs of inheritors in the process of carrying out inheritance are manifested as material needs,security needs,development needs and spiritual needs.Inheritance is survival needs and material needs inheritance activities funding needs,inheritance as a professional security requirements have inheritance of occupational demand and demand good inheritance environment,inherits the development needs of people are folk troupe further enhance the level of performance and the size of the demand,inherits the spiritual needs of people are respected and watched.Inheritors at different levels have different needs.Inheritors at higher levels attach more importance to spiritual needs and safety needs,while inheritors at lower levels attach more importance to material needs and development needs.There are two main ways for inheritors to realize the above four types of needs:one is the official channels provided by the government according to the national intangible cultural heritage protection policies,and the other is the channels explored spontaneously by the inheritors in the civil society.The protection unit adopts the way of signing acceptance contract with the inheritor to make the inheritor obtain economic income,while the inheritor himself tries to win more financial support through the practice of script writing and the establishment of inheritance team.Protection units,the government and local schools cooperate to serve as part-time instructors of off-campus lantern shows for inheritors,but this form is not stable.In order to maintain their own vested interests,there is a phenomenon that inheritors interfere with the selection of other inheritors.In the practice of developing demand,the folk troupe established by the inheritor tried to conduct market-oriented operation,but failed to turn into a company due to the unreasonable salary and dividend structure.Due to the influence of the hierarchy of inheritors,the group of inheritors benefits unevenly in the long term,and the subjective mentality of inheritors is affected.The practice process of spiritual needs is full of internal tension,which is concentrated in the pursuit of fame and power that comes with cultural identity.The research shows that the needs of inheritors are the driving force for the inheritors to exert their subjectivity,which is embodied in their practical actions and cognitive changes in practice in order to realize these needs.Therefore,according to the four types of needs of inheritors,the four types of needs of inheritors are distinguished.However because of the living space of cultural ecology change compression,lack of local government attention and support,not the unreasonable system of heritage and inheritance people own inheritance ability is insufficient,inheritance of four types of demand realization is restricted,thus sinking into the predicament of subjectivity needs practice,inheritance people’s enthusiasm and initiative is weakened and internal contradictions.Through the use of new media platform,local governments to increase support of enshi lamp inheritance people play,optimizing the system of heritage,community internal to strengthen the education and guidance of inheritance people inheritance people four aspects so as to realize the four types of demand support path,promote the realization of inheriting the subjectivity of the people demand,eventually stimulate person’s subjectivity. |
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