The Breadth Of Phonological Coding Plans In People Who Stutte

Fluency of speech is the basis of daily life and communication,and stuttering refers to a phenomenon that,although you know the exact words you want to say,you can’t say them in time because of random syllable repetition,lengthening or pause.Developmental stuttering refers to a type of stuttering that occurs in early childhood and still does not return to normal until adulthood.The research object of this study is the stutterer who has not recovered from developmental stuttering until adulthood.Most speech production models generally believe that the main processing stages involved in word production include: conceptualization,semantic and syntactic encoding,phonological encoding,and phonetic encoding.A large number of studies have investigated the mechanism of stuttering during the phonological encoding stage.Some researchers believe that one of the factors causing the fluency is the difficulty in the potential selection and preparation of the voice that forms the word in the speaker’s information.Although the details of the psycholinguistic theories of stuttering vary,they all assume that when a phonetic word is constructed by a single phoneme,that is,in the process of phonological encoding,there will be delay or collapse.Covert repair hypothesis holds that stuttering is an interfering side effect produced by stutterers when they internally correct speech errors,and it can be predicted that adult stutterers will exhibit slower reaction times than adult non-stutterers.The EXPLAN theory suggests that the lack of fluency in speech expression may be due to a mismatch between the cognitive expression process of speech planning and the motor execution of speech planning,and that too small planning scope may lead to stuttering in adult stutterers.The specific problem of stutterers in the phonological encoding stage is whether the phonological encoding is defective or the phonological encoding planning scope is too narrow.It is not clear at present.Therefore,based on these two theories,this study examines the phonological encoding and the phonological encoding planning scope of stutterers through the performance of the same group of participants in two behavioral experiments,and examines whether the occurrence mechanism of stuttering is caused by phonological encoding defects,or by too small a phonological encoding scope,or both.Experiment 1 recruited 20 stuttering participants and 20 non-stuttering participants,a total of 40 participants,using word generation tasks to investigate whether stutterers had defects in the phonological encoding stage.The presentation of each experimental trial included a picture and an auditory interference stimulus,which included speech related,speech independent,and baseline conditions with respect to the target picture.During the experiment,when images appear,they present auditory interference stimuli,requiring participants to ignore auditory interference stimuli as much as possible and accurately name the images as soon as possible.The results showed that the naming latency of speech independent conditions was significantly larger than that of speech related conditions,and there was no significant difference in naming latency and error rate between stutterers and non-stutterers.This indicates that stutterers have no defects in the phonological encoding processing stage.Experiment 2 used the same participants as Experiment 1 to examine whether there were differences in the scope of phonological encoding between the two groups using phrase generation tasks.The presentation of each experimental trial included two images and an auditory interference stimulus.During the experiment,when two images appeared on the screen,they presented auditory interference stimuli.The participants were asked to ignore the auditory interference stimuli as much as possible and speak noun phrases such as the name of the left image and the name of the right image.The results showed that the naming latency of speech independent conditions was significantly larger than that of speech related conditions,and the location of phonological priming effects in stutterers was smaller than that in non-stutterers.It indicates that the phonological encoding scope of stutterers is smaller than that of non-stutterers.This study can improve the previous research on the breadth of the stutterer’s phonological encoding planning scope,more specifically explore the problem stages in the stutterer’s planning scope,supplement and support the EXPLAN model,and enable the stutterer to understand the problems in its phonological encoding stage,so as to better correct and find the corresponding improvement plans.