Clans And Forestry Management In The Qingshui River Basin During The Qing Dynasty And The Republic Of Chin

During the Republic of China period of the Qing Dynasty,along with the mining of imperial wood and forestry trade,a wood merchant economic belt was formed in the Qingshui River basin,and forestry management became an important event in the social and economic life of local clans.This paper takes the forestry management of the Yang clan of Liping Luoli as the research object,examines the changes in forestry development and ethnic relations,and observes the changes in the social production mode of Luoli during the Qing Dynasty and Republic of China with the development of forestry trade,as well as the role of clans in forestry and the impact on forestry management.The Luoli Yang clan mainly consists of the Yang clan in the hall and the Yang clan in the middle row,and the migration and development of these two clans have their own contexts,differences but close ties.During the Ming Dynasty,Yang was summoned by the imperial court to enter Luoli to quell the rebellion,and was later appointed as the governor of Gu to administer the Luoli region;The middle row Yang entered Rory at the same time as the Yang family in the hall.The political status of the Yang clan in the middle row is not as superior as that of the Yang clan in the hall,and the Yang clan in the hall has developed itself through forestry management,and the Yang clan in the hall has gradually weakened due to the return of land to the river,in order to enhance the status and strength of its own clan,the Yang clan in the hall has also devoted itself to forestry management.With the prosperity of timber trade in the Qing Dynasty,the two clans of Tingshang and Zhongpai developed to varying degrees,laying the economic foundation of the two ethnic groups.As one of the important ethnic properties,forestry is closely related to the development of the clan,and the forest products are transferred to the hands of the clan through the separation and succession,which promotes the frequent circulation of forestry and expands the forestry business scope of the clan.Although forestry management is subject to the principle of "first relatives",most of them occur among relatives,but in this process,through in-laws,joint clans,etc.,the development of Fang branches has also promoted the expansion of forestry exchanges,and relatives are more complex.The Yang family and the Yang family in the middle row live in the Luoli Village along the Wuxia River,and the relationship is close,and the two ethnic groups include each other in the scope of kinship in forestry management,and the dual dynamics of geography and blood relations build the entire forestry business scope of the Luoli Yang family.The forestry operation of the two ethnic groups continues to develop,the scope of transactions is expanding,and the status is also constantly improving,and the development of the clan resonates with the forestry trade at the same frequency.By the Republican period,the turmoil of the social situation and the change of government caused forestry management to be affected by the outside world to a certain extent,and forestry trade and clan development were further controlled by the state.During the Republican period,forestry operations showed more national colors,and the relationship with the state was closer than that of the Qing dynasty,and the role of clans was weakened.After the Liberation War,the clan gradually declined,the forestry ownership system changed,and the forestry operation of the Rory Yang clan also came to an abrupt end.As one of the most important structures of traditional rural society,each individual carries out his or her own social and economic activities under the management of the clan,which promotes the development of forestry management,and the development and change of the clan as a local self-management organization are inseparable from the influence of national political and social changes.During the Republic of China of the Qing Dynasty,the Luoli Yang clan had a close relationship with forestry management,and the two constantly sought new development opportunities in the midst of social changes.