The Spread And Acceptance Of Calligraphy In Singapore And Malaysia From The Late 19th Century To The Mid-20th Centur

Calligraphy in Singapore and Malaysia is in the same vein as Chinese calligraphy,and is an important part of the extraterritorial spread of Chinese calligraphy.Chinese calligraphy can spread to Singapore and Malaysia,and continue to develop locally,which is not unrelated to the sense of identity and belonging of local overseas Chinese to the motherland;It is not unrelated to the cultural environment constructed by Chinese language education;It is not unrelated to the determination of the literati community to spread Chinese culture and art as their own responsibility,and to enlighten the mountains and forests.From the perspective of communication,this paper divides the article into three parts: communication carrier,communication subject and calligraphy acceptance,so as to construct the dynamic dissemination process of calligraphy art in Singapore and Malaysia.As a carrier for the dissemination of calligraphy,Chinese language education has built a bridge and laid the foundation for the spread of calligraphy art in Singapore and Malaysia.The first part of this article takes a cross-sectional comparison of Chinese language education in Singapore and Malaysia with other language education from a historical background,so as to answer the question of why Chinese calligraphy can take root in Singapore and Malaysia based on Chinese language education.Then,the development of Chinese language education is sorted out vertically,the development of Chinese language education in the period from the end of the 19 th century to the middle of the 20 th century is sorted out,and it is divided into two modes: "old-style private education and new-style Chinese school education" according to different educational methods,different educational purposes and different teacher compositions at different stages.From the two aspects of the purpose of the imperial examination in the old private school education and the background of the teachers of the new Chinese school,the internal social incentives and external artificial drivers of the spread of Chinese calligraphy in Singapore and Malaysia were explained.Before the middle of the 20 th century,literati calligraphers,as the main body of calligraphy dissemination in Singapore and Malaysia,exchanged and activities between them to promote the spread of Chinese calligraphy in Singapore and Malaysia.The second part of this article describes the cultivation of Singapore and Malaysia through two stages of education,as well as the development of literati activities,and the establishment of a literati group capable of poetry and books.The interaction and exchanges between the literati groups in Singapore and Malaysia and the literati groups in China have greatly promoted the dissemination and development of local Chinese calligraphy.At this time,China’s civil wars were frequent,and a group of literati and calligraphers with the intention of saving the country crossed south to the Singapore and Malaysia areas,hoping to raise funds to save the country through calligraphy and painting exhibitions,and also directly promoted the spread of calligraphy art in the local area.From the end of the 19 th century to the middle of the 20 th century,the theory of epigraphy and the practice of calligraphy of the stele school had developed to a mature stage,and it had great influence in the Chinese book circle.The first two parts of this paper not only construct the historical context of the spread of Chinese calligraphy,but also discuss how epigraphy spread to Singapore and Malaysia through Chinese language education and literati activities.The third part starts from commercial application and takes the relationship between teachers and inheritance as a clue to describe the acceptance of calligraphy in Singapore and Malaysia,so as to explain the reasons for the formation of the calligraphy style in Singapore and Malaysia.