| Purpose: This study aims to simulate and analyze the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of a group of football side-kick techniques,which mainly involve curved ball,shooting,and long-pass techniques,using Open Sim.The study aims to identify the differences and commonalities among these techniques and provide theoretical support for future studies on mechanical optimization,injury prevention and treatment,dynamic data statistical methods,and tactical training program design for this group of techniques.Methods: In this study,Vicon three-dimensional motion capture system and Kistler three-dimensional force plate were used to simultaneously collect lower limb trajectory data and ground reaction force data from five professional football players performing the side-kick techniques.Inverse kinematics,inverse dynamics,and static optimization were used to calculate the kinematic and dynamic data of the hip,knee,and ankle joints,as well as the muscle forces and activation levels of the lower limb muscles during the loading,striking,and follow-through phases of the side-kick techniques.Differences and commonalities were analyzed.Results:(1)The simulation results showed that the muscle activation levels of the three side-kick techniques were similar to the peak waveform heights of the experimentally measured surface electromyography(EMG)data,with a high correlation coefficient(>0.75).(2)Kinematic Results: During the striking phase of the curved ball technique,the kicking leg had a greater knee flexion angle,ankle inversion angle,and angular velocity(P<0.05),while the supporting leg had smaller hip flexion-extension and ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion angles(P<0.05).During the follow-through phase,the kicking leg had a larger rotation angle(P<0.01).For the shooting technique,the kicking leg had a larger ankle dorsiflexion angle throughout the full motion cycle(P<0.01),and at the moment of striking,the supporting leg had a significantly smaller hip rotation angle compared to the curved ball and long-pass techniques(P<0.04).During the follow-through phase,the kicking leg had larger hip flexion-extension angle and smaller rotation and ankle dorsiflexion angles and angular velocities(P<0.04),while the supporting leg had smaller hip flexion-extension,hip rotation,and knee flexion-extension angles(P<0.01).For the long-pass technique,during the striking phase,the kicking leg had a greater hip flexion-extension angular velocity,hip rotation angle,and smaller knee and hip flexion-extension angles(P<0.05),while the supporting leg had a greater hip rotation angle,ankle inversion angle,and smaller ankle dorsiflexion angle(P<0.04).During the follow-through phase,the kicking leg had larger hip flexion-extension angle and angular velocity,and hip external rotation angle(P<0.01).(3)Kinematic results: In terms of muscle strength and related torque data,during the phase of ball kicking preparation,the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscle,anterior tibialis muscle strength and ankle inversion torque of curveball technique were significantly greater than those of shooting and long-passing techniques(P<0.04).During the phase of ball kicking,gluteus maximus muscle strength was significantly greater in shooting technique than in shooting and long-passing techniques(P<0.05).During the phase of ball kicking and passing,the muscle strength of the iliacus muscle group,adductor muscle group,hip and knee extension,and rotational torque of the long-passing technique were significantly greater than those of curveball and shooting techniques(P<0.05).On the support leg,during the phase of passing,the strength of the posterior tibialis muscle was significantly greater in curveball technique than in shooting and long-passing techniques(P<0.01),while during the whole phase,the calf muscle group,such as the gastrocnemius muscle,was significantly greater in shooting technique than in curveball and long-passing techniques(P<0.03).During the phase of ball kicking and passing,the hip abduction and external rotation muscle strength,as well as the knee flexion torque and extension muscle group strength,were all significantly greater in long-passing technique than in shooting and curveball techniques(P<0.03).In terms of muscle activation level data,all three lateral kicking techniques showed sufficient activation of the adductor muscles during ball kicking and passing,requiring the use of adductor eccentric contraction to counteract the posterior swing motion.At the moment of ball kicking,the maximum activation and maximum activation velocity of the gracilis muscle,adductor longus muscle,and at the moment of passing,the maximum activation of the adductor magnus muscle and dominant adductor muscle group occurred simultaneously.The activation level of the biceps femoris muscle and semimembranosus muscle at the moment of passing was relatively high within the entire hamstring muscle group.During the phase of long-passing technique ball kicking and passing,the activation levels of the gracilis muscle and adductor magnus muscle were significantly greater than those of curveball and long-passing techniques(P<0.05).The activation levels of the semimembranosus muscle,semitendinosus muscle,and biceps femoris muscle were more evenly distributed in shooting technique,while the activation level of the semimembranosus muscle in curveball and long-passing techniques was significantly greater than that in shooting technique(P<0.02).Conclusion:(1)The curveball technique and shooting technique share similar and greater characteristics of knee flexion angle.The curveball technique has a wider range of ankle inversion angle and angular velocity,while the shooting technique has a more linear direction of the whole body.The kicking leg maintains a greater dorsiflexion angle throughout the full range of motion,but the supporting leg is more unstable at the end of the motion with the hip and ankle joints.The kicking leg of long pass technique tends to have more hip adduction movement,while the supporting leg does more hip abduction and external rotation movements at a faster speed.(2)The shooting technique results in a stable and high-intensity rigidity movement of the ankle joint in the form of dorsiflexion,while the curveball technique results in a high-intensity rigidity movement of the ankle joint in the form of eversion.(3)The main muscle groups involved in the kicking leg during the full cycle of the three lateral kicking techniques are the adductor magnus,adductor longus,iliopsoas,gluteus medius,tensor fasciae latae,and tibialis anterior.The main muscle groups involved in the supporting leg are the gluteus maximus,gluteus medius,biceps femoris,peroneus longus,tibialis anterior,and gastrocnemius.(4)The curveball technique generates stronger ankle eversion force to produce a high rigidity value when hitting the ball on the inner side of the foot.The kicking leg muscle force of the curveball technique is greater than that of the shooting and long pass techniques at the moment of impact,while the iliopsoas muscle force,adductor muscle force,hip and knee flexion and rotation torque of the long pass technique at the moment of hitting and passing are greater than those of the curveball and shooting techniques.The posterior tibialis muscle force of the supporting leg in the curveball technique at the moment of passing is greater than that of the shooting and long pass techniques,producing greater dorsiflexion and inversion force.The peroneus longus muscle and other calf muscle groups of the shooting technique are greater than those of the curveball and long pass techniques,producing greater ankle plantarflexion force.(5)The adductor muscle group and the tibialis anterior muscle at the moment of kicking and passing are the main moments of muscle damage or fatigue for the three lateral kicking techniques,and the long pass technique has a greater risk of injury and fatigue.Compared to the shooting technique,the supporting leg of the curveball and long pass techniques is more likely to cause damage or fatigue to the hamstring muscle,leading to ACL injury. |
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