| Ecological civilization is considered as a new form of civilization with harmonious coexistence of man and nature after agricultural civilization and industrial civilization, and has recently determined to a national development strategy of China. In this context, the research and practice of regionregion ecological management is urgently developed. As a environmental and economic tool of watershed ecological management, ecological compensation can help balance the interest of related parties both inside and outside region, realize the maximization of the region inside and outside interests, maintain the sustainable development of economy, and achieve social fairness, therefore, region ecological compensation has obtained widely concerned and applied by domestic and foreign scholars and managers. “Who Compensate Whom, How Much Compensate, How to Compensate” Although the region ecological compensation around three basic questions “Who Compensate Whom, How Much Compensate, How to Compensate” has carried out lots of work, but region ecological compensation has not really implemented, because the national condition, the province situation, region characteristics, social and economic development level are different each other, therefore the theory and related empirical research on region ecological compensation need be further studied. Poyang Lake Basin is an important ecological barrier area of the middle and lower Yangtze River region, the most complete basin as a natural feature preservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, and highly consistent with the scope of administrative regions in Jiangxi province. Thus, the environment quality of this basin directly affects local economic development and the costs of production and living of downstream areas. Study on the ecological compensation according to ecological civilization view can not only help promote the development of the theory of region ecological compensation, and innovate method system of studying the three basic problems of ecological compensation(Who Compensate Whom, How Much Compensate, How to Compensate), but also takes the lead in the implementation of region ecological compensation practices in Jiangxi province, coordinate local economic development and ecological environment protection, and promote demonstration province of Jiangxi ecological civilization construction.In this paper, based on research results of international ecological compensation, I constructed the model of evolutionary game theory, and analyze region ecological compensation stakeholder behavior; assess ecosystem service function in Jiangxi province using ecological equivalence method, and determine the priority and amount of ecological compensation for each of 11 cities in Jiangxi province; obtain carbon and water surplus/deficit of 11 cities in Jiangxi province using carbon and water footprint models, respectively, and thus determine their ecological compensation standards; calculate emissions initial allocation amount using AHP and entropy methods, and explore the potential way of market-oriented ecological compensation. Finally, the policy recommendations of ecological compensation mechanism are put forward according to the comprehensive results of the three basic questions including “Who Compensate Whom, How Much Compensate, How to Compensate” in Poyang Lake basin of Jiangxi Province. The main findings are as follows:(1) Main stakeholders of region ecological compensation includes the central government, the residents and local government of upstream and downstream within a region, now, the government is the subject of ecological compensation. In order to implement stable cooperation state between the protection of upstream residents(or government) and the compensation of the downstream beneficiaries(or government) to take stable cooperative state compensation strategies, the modeling result showed that the government would formulate the policies of ecological compensation, determine ecological compensation reasonable amount, improve the upstream resident benefits of protecting water resources, and reduce ecological protection and opportunity costs.(2) The total ecological services value in 2011 was 254.875 billion Yuan in Jiangxi Province, and total value of non-market ecosystem services was 227.939 billion Yuan, which occupied 89.43% of the total ecological services value and 19.48% of GDP in Jiangxi Province. According to the investment of pollution treatment, Jiangxi province should be compensated 221.665 billion Yuan from other provinces, which is equal about 4938.58 Yuan per capita and considered as the upper limit for ecological compensation. The compensation money should be firstly provided to Ganzhou, Ji’an, Shangrao, Fuzhou cites, with 55.822, 34.008, 30.720, 25.421 billion Yuan, respectively.(3) Jiangxi carbon footprint showed a rapid growth trend during 2000-2013, with an average annual growth rate of 8.67%. The carbon carrying capacity fluctuated, but were surplus, and the net carbon surplus amount decreased from 2000 to 2013. Nanchang and Jiujiang cites were the biggest contribution to carbon total emission, and Ganzhou, Ji’an and Shangrao cites were the largest contribution to carbon total absorption ability. Jiangxi carbon surplus amount was 2.273 billion Yuan in 2013, and Ganzhou, Ji’an, Yichun, Fuzhou, Shangrao cites should be obtained higher ecological compensation money than other cities.(4) Jiangxi water footprint showed a firstly decreasing and then increasing trend during 2000-2013, and the larger proportion of which were occupied by food, aquatic products and pork production. Total water surplus declined step by step, water footprint per capita consumption of rural residents dropped, but production water footprint per capita and virtual water output increased year by year in Jiangxi. The production water footprint and water footprint efficiency showed increasing trends in 11 cities of Jiangxi. Except Nanchang, other 10 cities had water surplus, should be provided ecological compensation funds. The order of compensation money amount was same with that of carbon surplus in 11 cities of Jiangxi.(5) The initial allocation of emission rights for water pollutant chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonia nitrogen were calculated in each of 11 administrative regions in Jiangxi using the five models of population, economic output, historical emissions, environmental capacity and comprehensive distribution. The highest amount of emission rights was Ganzhou, followed by Nanchang, Jiujiang, Ji’an, Yichun, Fuzhou and Shangrao, and the lowest included Jingdezhen, Pingxiang, Xinyu, Yingtan. The initial allocation amount of emission rights varied with the model, and the most reasonable model was comprehensive distribution model.To sum up, ecological civilization construction will promote the development of ecological compensation theory, and accelerate its application practice. Governments at all levels are currently the subject of ecological compensation, and the general principles were downstream compensation obtained from upstream, and protector compensation provided by beneficiaries in the future establishment and practice of region ecological compensation mechanism in Jiangxi province. All results calculated by ecosystem service function, carbon footprint and water footprint methods showed that the central government and other provinces should provide ecological compensation funds to Jiangxi Province. The amount calculated by ecosystem service function method was about 221.7 billion Yuan per year, which would be used as the highest limit of ecological compensation standard, that obtained by water footprint model was about 12.90 billion Yuan pear year, and that provided by carbon footprint model was 4.72 billion Yuan per year, and would be the lowest limit of ecological compensation standard. Among the 11 administrative regions in Jiangxi, as the core area implemented the Revitalization and Development Planning of the Former Soviet Central Region, Ganzhou would be given the highest compensation money amount, followed by Ji’an, Fuzhou, Shangrao with abundant ecological resources. This order pattern was generally consistent with the result of initial allocation of emission right among the 11 administrative regions in Jiangxi. Finally, I suggest that Ganzhou should become the first demonstration administrative region of region ecological compensation in Jiangxi province, which would provide a model of Jiangxi ecological civilization demonstration province if effectively using the policies of national development strategy. |
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