| Panthera Tigris altaica and Pantherapardua orientails are rare and endangered animals that are the key to the health of forest ecosystems in China.However,as of 2019,there were only dozens of Sino-Russian and Sino-Korean tigers wandering in the border areas.As a result of excessive deforestation,land use and poaching,the population of Sino-Russian tigers and Sino-Korean leopards,which had been widely distributed in Northeast China,declined sharply.According to the latest monitoring data released by the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park Administration,there are about 36 wild tigers and 48 wild tigers in China,mainly distributed in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces.The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to the protection of the Panthera Tigris altaica and the Panthera pardua orientails.On December 5,2016,at the 30th meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensive Deepening Reform,the Central Committee considered and adopted the "Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park System Pilot Program".Under the strategic background of establishing the system of Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park and the management system of national natural resources assets,this study has an important reality in order to solve the contradiction between the human-tiger conflict and the habitat protection of Amur Tiger Leopard and the utilization of resources by economic and social development,and to realize the coordination and unification of ecological benefits,economic benefits and social benefits.Firstly,from both macro and micro perspectives,this study systematically studies the cooperative development of EEES composite system in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park by combining theoretical and empirical research methods.By sorting out the literature,drawing on the ideas of systematics and synergetics,this paper puts the EEES composite system of Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park into a macro-system perspective,integrates the principles,modes and connotations of the EEES composite system,studies the evolution mechanism of the synergetic development of the composite system,and studies the meaning,objectives,characteristics of the synergetic development of the composite system.The mechanism and effect are deeply analyzed.At the micro level,from the perspective of stakeholders,the analysis of elements and principal behaviors in the subsystems of the composite system is incorporated into the study of the cooperative development of the EEES composite system in the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,which provides the corresponding countermeasures for the construction of the system of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park.Secondly,the state parameter measurement system of cooperative development of EEES composite system in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park is constructed.On the basis of collecting and comparing a large number of indicators and expert consultation,according to the principles of systematicness,stability,scientificity and universality,according to the structure,characteristics and functions of the composite system,taking the logical relationship of each subsystem of the EEES composite system of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park as the premise,and from different perspectives and levels of the composite system.To construct a state parameter measurement system for coordinated development of EEES composite system in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park.Thirdly,on the basis of constructing the coordinated development state parameter system of EEES composite system in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,the development level of EEES in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,the coordinated development status of composite system and the coordinated development effect of composite system are measured respectively.The comprehensive evaluation index model was used to measure the development level of EEES in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park.From the aspect of ecological environment,the comprehensive evaluation index of the ecological environment quality of Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park showed an increasing trend from 2007 to 2016,in which the growth rate was larger from 0.243 to 0.438,with an average annual growth rate of 4.87%.From the social aspect,the comprehensive economic and social evaluation index of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park showed an increasing trend from 2007 to 2016,of which the growth rate was faster from 2008 to 2009,with an average annual growth rate of 1.93%.Based on the analysis ofthe development level of EEES in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,the cooperative development status of EEES composite system was measured by using the model of coupling synergy measure of composite system.It was concluded that the coupling of EEES composite system was in the running-in stage in 2008,the other years were in the high-level coupling stage,and the ecological environment subsystem and economy were in the high-level coupling stage.Economic and social subsystems have a high degree of tightness,but in 2007-2010,the coordinated development of the composite system is in a state of maladjustment,and the ecological environment and economic and social subsystems are close to disorderly development.In 2011-2016,the degree of coordinated development is gradually increased,in a low degree of coordination and the input and output of the composite system gradually tends to be reasonable.At the same time of economic and social development,the main actors of the integrated system have strengthened the protection of the ecological environment.On the basis of macroscopical measurement of the cooperative development of EEES composite system in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,this paper evaluates the cooperative development effect of EEES composite system by using DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis),and concludes that the comprehensive validity of the composite system is less than 1 in 2007-2016,which is ineffective and the overall coordination of the composite system.The development effect has not reached the optimum state,but the comprehensive validity gradually tends to 1 in 2014-2016,and the factor structure and input-output scale have improved.Especially in 2015-2016,the synergistic validity is 1.The factor structure is reasonable,but the development is not effective.The input-output scale of the composite system still needs to be improved.Finally,according to the measurement results,the cooperative development mechanism and safeguard measures of EEES composite system in Amur tiger and Leopard National Park are constructed.Based on the results of the game of the main body behavior and the coordinated development of the complex system,the government coordination mechanism is established,the central and local powers are reasonably divided,the powers of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park Administration and the local government are clearly defined and the intergovernmental cooperation mechanism is constructed.According to the measurement results of the ecological environment subsystem of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,the ecological protection mechanism is established,the rational functional zoning of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park is carried out,and the management and protection mechanism of wildlife and forest resources is established.According to the measurement results of the economic subsystem,the interest coordination mechanism is established,including the negotiation of interests.Distribution,compensation,supervision and franchising,etc.According to the measurement results of the social subsystem,multi-party participation mechanism should be established to increase social participation,international exchange and cooperation,and volunteer service.At the same time,in order to strengthen the cooperative development mechanism of EEES composite system in Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park,we should establish safeguard measures from three aspects of policy,fund and education and publicity,and provide reliable basis for the construction of the system of Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park. |
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