Clinical And Basic Research On Adipose Tissue, Muscle Tissue And Its Factors And Metabolic Syndrome

Objective:To investigate the prevalence and potential factors influencing metabolic syndrome in a population from Guizhou Province and explore the effectiveness value of the fat-to-muscle ratio in diagnosing metabolic syndrome.Methods:A multistage stratified sampling method was used in this cross-sectional study of 20-80-year-old Han and Bouyei populations from Guizhou Province,southwestern China,from October 2012 to December 2012.This study included 4553 participants.Metabolic syndrome was defined according to 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria.The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to explor the sensitivity and specificity under different diagnostic cut-off-points.Results:The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 11.38%(male:9.76%;female:12.72%)for Han and 4.78%(male:4.43%;female:5.30%)for Bouyei populations in Guizhou.The cut-off value for the male fat-to-muscle ratio was 0.34,the area under the curve was 0.95,and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.85,respectively.The cut-off value for the female fat-to-muscle ratio was 0.55,the area under the curve was 0.91,and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 and 0.79,respectively.Conclusion:The fat-to-muscle ratio may be used as an important diagnostic indicator for metabolic syndrome in practice.Objective:To investigate the levels of adipokines(glypican-4&asprosin)and myokines(muscle&irisin)in Guizhou Han population and explore the potential relationship between these factors and metabolic syndrome.Methods:A multistage stratified sampling method was used in this cross-sectional study of 20-80-year-old Han and Bouyei populations from Guizhou Province,southwestern China,from October 2012 to December 2012.Questionnaire survey,height,weight,body composition,fasting blood glucose,blood pressure,triglyceride,cholesterol,and high-density lipoprotein and other physiological indicators was conducted.Based on the cross-sectional survey,158 patients with metabolic syndrome(IDF criteria)were included as the metabolic syndrome cases,with 154 1:1 frequency matching of sex and age(±3 years)randomly selected individuals from non-metabolic syndrome patients as the control group.Serum levels of various factors were measured by ELISA.Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria.The t-test was used to compare the mean of the two groups.Multiple comparisons were made between groups using analysis of variance(ANOVA)and the chi-square test.Comparison rates of counting data using χ2 test.Pearson correlation analysis was performed to detemtne the correlation between adipokines,myokines and various parameter of MetS group.Comprehensive analysis of risk factors using unconditional Logictic regression analysis.The receiver operating characteristic curve was used for the determination of the sensitivity,specificity,and predictive ability of the adipokines and myokines for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.Results:The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 11.38%(male:9.76%;female:12.72%)for Han and 4.78%(male:4.43%;female:5.30%)for Bouyei populations in Guizhou.The cut-off value for the male fat-to-muscle ratio was 0.34,the area under the curve was 0.95,and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.85,respectively.The cut-off value for the female fat-to-muscle ratio was 0.55,the area under the curve was 0.91,and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 and 0.79,respectively.In men,asprosin and irisin were significantly higher in the metabolic syndrome group than in the control group(P<0.01),and no significant difference in musclin and glypican-4 between the two groups(musclin p=0.75,glypican-4 p=0.07).In women,asprosin,irisin and glypican-4 were significantly higher in the metabolic syndrome group than in the control group except for musclin(P=0.66).Asprosin and irisin increased the prevalence of metabolic syndrome with an increase in the concentration of tertile,and the trend was statistically significant(asprosin p<0.01,irisin p=0.02,glypican-4 p=0.02).Although the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with glypican-4 levels in the tertile,however,the trend was not statistically significant for men(p=0.09)but marginally significant for women(p=0.05).In the multivariate logitsic regression analysis,after controlling potential cnfounders in model three,the third tertile concentration of asprosin had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome than the first tertile[Men OR:5.96,95%CI(2.01-17.69);Women OR:3.02,95%CI(1.41-6.45)].Irisin and glypican-4 were statistically significant only in the model 2(adjusted with age,filed,education,smoking history,drinking history,exercise situation and work intensity)and the unadjusted model respectively.The diagnostic effectiveness of myokines and adipokines on metabolic syndrome was analyzed by ROC curve.The AUCs of male musclin,asprosin,irisinh and glypican-4 were:0.54,0.71,0.65 and 0.59,respectively;females were:0.52,0.64,0.61 and 0.61.Aspersin have the highest AUC value,but all of these factors are not ideal indicator for predicting metabolic syndrome.Conclusion:In the Han population at Guizhou Province,there was a significant positive correlation between asprosin,irisin and the metabolic syndrome.We found that the asprosin was an independent risk factor for the prevelence of the metabolic syndrome.It was found to be sex differences in serum levels and is not related to menopause and fat to muscle ratio.adipokines:asprosin,glypican-4 and myokines:irisin,musclin are not ideal indicators of metabolic syndrome.Objective:To investigate the effects of adipokine(glypican-4,asprosin)and myokines(irisin,musclin)on the proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myoblast.Methods:3T3-L1 cells and C2C12 myoblast were plated in 96-well plates and cultured in basal medium for 24 hours.After the cells were adherent,rinsed twice with 1*PBS and cultured in medium containing various concentrations of various factors(8 holes were stimulated for each concentration of each factor,and 3 experiments were repeated).As a control group,change the fluid every 48 hours.After addition of CCK-8,the absorbance at 450 nm was measured with a microplate reader to reflect the cell proliferation..Results:Musclin promoted the proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.Except for the 0.8 μg/L musclin-stimulated group,each group increased its proliferation from 12 hours(P<0.01).In the 0.2 and 0.4 μg/L musclin-stimulated groups,the effector of proliferation disappeared at 24 hours(p=0.29)and 48 hours(p=0.22),respectively.while the musclin-stimulated groups at 0.6 and 0.8 μg/L lasted to72 hours.The difference of OD values between these groups and the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05).Glupican-4 promotes proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.The OD value of the 3μg/L glypican-4 stimulated group was significantly higher than that of the control group(p<0.01)only in the 36 hour.The 6μg/L glypican-4 stimulated group had a significant proliferation effect on 3T3-L1 cells from the 12th hour(P<0.01),and the effect lasted until 60 hour.Both 9μg/L and 12μg/L glypican-4 stimulated groups showed significant proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells at 24 hour(P<0.05),and proliferation continued to 72 hour.Asprosin and irisin did not promote or inhibit the proliferation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.Asprosin promotes proliferation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts.The OD values of the 3 ng/mL asprosin-stimulated group were higher than control group,but the difference was statistically significant only at 36 hour(p=0.04)and 72 hours(p<0.01).6 ng/mL asprosin stimulated the C2C12 proliferation start from 24 hour,except for 60 hour,the OD values of other time points were significantly higher than the control group.The 9 ng/mL asprosin-stimulated group showed an effect of promoting C2C12 proliferation at 24 hour and continued to 72 hour.12 ng/mL asprosin-stimulated group also promoted the proliferation of C2C12 start from 24 hours,except for 48 hours,the OD values of other time points were significantly higher than the control group(p<0.01).Conclusion:the proliferation of preadipocytes by adipokine(glypican-4,asprosin)and myokines(irisin,musclin)was demonstrated for the first time on 3T3-L1 cells.It was found that irisin and asprosin have no promotion or inhibition on the proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells,while musclin and glypican-4 have different degrees of promotion on the proliferation of 3T3-L1,and there is a time-dose dependence.It is speculated that this may be related to the metabolic syndrome.Asprosin promotes the proliferation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts in a time-and dose-dependent manner.