Study On The Coupling And Coordinating Relationship Between Tourism And Water Environment In Shandong Province And Its Influencing Factors

Shandong Province is a province with severe shortage of freshwater resources in the northern region of China due to the coexistence of resource based and water quality based water shortages.The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources is uneven,and the structural contradiction in water use is prominent.The annual changes are severe,which seriously constrain people’s pursuit of a better life and the smooth implementation of ecological civilization construction practices.Tourism,as a human activity for leisure and relaxation,education and learning,and rehabilitation and health preservation,has become a highly anticipated social phenomenon in the21 st century.It has also become a hot direction for industrial development in Shandong Province in recent years.The increasingly prosperous tourism industry not only creates huge value for Shandong Province,but also causes great distress to its fragile water environment due to its inherent characteristics.The operation of the tourism industry cannot be separated from the "green mountains and clear waters",and the green and sustainable development of the tourism industry is bound to return to the "golden mountains and silver mountains".How to coordinate the relationship between the development of the tourism industry in Shandong Province and water environment protection,and balance the joint efforts of the "tourism promoting Shandong" strategy and water environment protection,is of great benefit to the reasonable maintenance and improvement of its tourism ecological security.This article takes Shandong Province as the research object,focusing on the core issue of how to improve the interaction and coordination between the tourism industry and the water environment in the province.Guided by theories such as human land relationship,system coupling,and sustainable development,and based on a detailed explanation of the coupling mechanism between the tourism industry and the water environment,it comprehensively applies methods such as entropy method,linear weighting method,and coupling coordination model,Quantitatively measure the comprehensive development level of tourism and water environment in Shandong Province and sixteen prefecture level cities from 2005 to 2019,as well as the coupling coordination.Combining the classification standards of coupling coordination types and characteristics,and using the geographic information tool Arc Gis10.2 to draw maps,this study explores the spatiotemporal characteristics of the coupling coordination degree between tourism and water environment in Shandong Province;Furthermore,based on the measurement results of coupling coordination degree,Pearson correlation analysis method and geographic detectors are applied to further discuss the influencing factors of the coupling coordination relationship between tourism and water environment in Shandong Province;Finally,based on the empirical analysis results,targeted improvement measures that are in line with the overall situation are proposed,in order to promote the development of tourism and water environment construction in Shandong Province to enter a highly self-organized and benign interactive track as soon as possible.The research conclusions are as follows: Firstly,in terms of the spatiotemporal characteristics of tourism development,the comprehensive development level of tourism in Shandong Province from 2005 to 2019 showed a positive trend of increasing year by year,except for negative growth in 2013.The tourism development strength of each of the sixteen prefecture level cities has its own advantages.During the research period,while the comprehensive development level of the tourism industry in each prefecture level city has been rapidly increasing,the regional differences have been continuously converging and adjusting.Some prefecture level cities such as Qingdao,Zibo,Yantai,Zaozhuang,Dongying,Weifang,Weihai,Linyi,and Liaocheng are similar to the tourism development of the entire province,The comprehensive development level of its tourism industry has declined at a special time point due to accidents caused by accidental factors.The development of tourism industry in Shandong Province has roughly formed a trend of higher in the east than in the west,lower in the north than in the south,and gradually decreasing from the middle to the south.The two spatial development axes of Jinan Tai’an and Qingdao Yantai Weihai have gradually become high-value clusters for tourism development in the province,and a dual core layout structure radiating around the two tourism poles of Jinan and Qingdao has emerged.In terms of the spatiotemporal characteristics of water environment development,the fluctuation of the comprehensive development level of water environment in Shandong Province has eased,showing a wave like growth trend with an upward process as the main factor and a downward process as the auxiliary factor.Except for Weihai City and Linyi City,the comprehensive development level of water environment in other prefecture level cities is similar to the situation in the province,showing a fluctuating upward trend in high and low fluctuations,and this unstable oscillation is more obvious compared to the development of the tourism industry.The comprehensive development level of water environment in most prefecture level cities has improved during the research period and the differences are significant.By the end of the research period,the differences in the quality of water environment between prefecture level cities continue to weaken.The spatial pattern of comprehensive development level of water environment has gone through a unipolar core development stage with only Weihai City as the core,to a multipolar discrete distribution stage with Qingdao City,Weihai City,and Jinan City as the core,and then to a corridor development stage with Jinan Zibo Dongying Inland Line and Rizhao Qingdao Yantai Weihai Coastal Line as the spatial development axis.With the passage of time,it shows a decreasing pattern in the direction of the reverse Yellow River in a circular pattern.Secondly,in terms of the spatiotemporal characteristics of coupling coordination degree,the coupling degree between tourism and water environment in Shandong Province showed a high-level and stable development trend from 2005 to 2019,with the coupling coordination degree increasing year by year.The coupling coordination stage went through the evolution trajectory of the "transformation transition stage(2005-2008)-coordinated development stage(2009-2019)",where the coupling coordination type went through the stages of near imbalance,barely coordination,primary coordination,good coordination There are five types of high-quality coordination,and the coupling coordination feature of lagging tourism industry is ultimately replaced by the system balanced development type.The coupling coordination degree between tourism and water environment in Jinan,Dongying,and Heze cities has steadily increased,while the coupling coordination degree in other prefecture level cities shows a slight fluctuation upward trend.The coupling coordination degree in Dongying,Liaocheng,Dezhou,and Binzhou has improved more significantly,belonging to a leapfrog growth type.The coupling and coordination degree between tourism and water environment shows a non synchronous and uneven progressive development pattern in sixteen prefecture level cities.Zaozhuang,Dongying,Liaocheng,Heze,and Dezhou have always occupied the last five cities,and are in a low and rising position.The absolute difference in coupling and coordination between different cities shows a slight expansion process,while the relative difference gradually decreases.The coupling and coordination stage between the tourism industry and the water environment in Qingdao has always been in a coordinated development stage,while other prefecture level cities have achieved progress from the transition stage or the imbalance and decline stage to a higher coupling and coordination stage during the research period.The transition from the worst to the best in the coupling and coordination between tourism and water environment in various cities has undergone vastly different spans,roughly spanning two types,three types,or four types.In each year,the coupling coordination types of sixteen prefecture level cities roughly exhibit a "bell shaped" distribution feature.Except for the serious imbalance types that do not yet exist at the endpoints of the coupling coordination type table,prefecture level cities are included in moderate to high-quality coordination types.The coupling and coordination types of various cities are gradually transitioning from the highest proportion of endangered imbalance to the highest proportion of primary coordination.There are fewer prefecture level cities with moderate imbalance,good coordination,and high-quality coordination,while high-quality coordination cities only appeared in Qingdao from 2016 to 2019 and Jinan from 2019.From 2005 to 2006,the coupling and coordination characteristics of prefecture level cities under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province were characterized by a lagging tourism industry.In 2007,Qingdao took the lead in achieving balanced development of the two major systems.In 2015,the water environment quality construction in Qingdao was relatively lagging behind the development of the tourism industry,and the promotion and threat of the tourism economy to the water environment became the mainstream argument.The spatial pattern of tourism and water environment coupling coordination degree has regional coupling with their respective development levels,showing the distribution law of the "core edge" gradient structure,which is lower in the west than in the east,higher in the south than in the north,highlighted in the middle,and driven the development of border areas with Jinan and Qingdao as the development poles,Zibo and Yantai as the periphery.Thirdly,in terms of the influencing factors of the coupling coordination relationship,the positive driving effect of government regulation,economic development quality,tourism consumption demand,industrial structure optimization,technological innovation level,urbanization level,human capital support,and degree of openness on the harmonious coexistence of tourism and water environment in Shandong Province is generally strong,with the driving effect of government regulation being the strongest,and the other influencing factors decreasing in sequence,According to the temporal changes in the control power of various influencing factors,the dominant factor is first driven by policies,then by traditional economy,and then by tourism economy.The interaction driving effect of any two influencing factors on the coupling and coordination relationship between tourism and water environment in Shandong Province is stronger than the "net effect" of a single influencing factor.The degree of coordination and interaction between two systems in the study area is not solely controlled by a single influencing factor,but is formed by the dynamic correlation of multiple influencing factors.