| During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin was the most economically dynamic area in southwest China,but its topography was complex,which constituted the basic field of natural disasters in the basin.There are many types of disasters in this region,mainly including natural disasters and manmade disasters.Natural disasters are mainly floods and droughts,especially floods,which are characterized by high frequency,long duration,great destruction and many secondary disasters.The working people in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties waged a long and arduous struggle against floods and droughts for river regulation and regional development.In particular,the people and the government in Southwest China have actively exerted their subjective initiative,conducted multi-party collaborative governance,and made positive contributions to the development of regional social economy.Therefore,this paper is devoted to discussing the interactive relationship between the occurrence of flood and drought disasters in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the technical response of various groups.First of all,by means of literature collation and data analysis,this paper sorts out the time and space distribution and data of water,drought and subsequent secondary disasters in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,obtains the annual sequence of flood and drought disasters and secondary disasters in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,establishes the chart of the affected areas,and analyzes the foundation of disaster prevention technology selection and creation of people in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In addition,this paper compares the collation results of flood and drought disasters in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the General History of Disasters in China and the General History of Disasters in China,so as to analyze the disasters more comprehensively.Through sorting out the data,this paper found that the natural disasters were very serious during this period,with floods and droughts occurring alternately from year to year,and it was not uncommon for multiple disasters to accompany each other within one year,especially in Sichuan,Chongqing and Yunnan,which caused great threats to the social economy and people’s lives.Faced with this situation,a relatively complete disaster relief system was formed from the central government to the local government in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.According to the time sequence of disasters,there were routine preventive response before disasters,targeted emergency response during disasters,and repair response after disasters.At the same time,in practice,various groups have also formed a set of effective technical measures for disaster response,and built a response system in which the central government,the community and grassroots individuals respond to each other and complement each other.The second chapter systematically classifies and sorts out flood and drought disaster prevention technologies in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties from different scales of time and space.Technical scale mainly includes three aspects: prevention,rescue and remedy.In order to reduce the destructiveness of disasters,Ming and Qing Dynasties paid attention to the development and continuous improvement of disaster prevention and preparedness technologies.On the basis of inheriting the disaster prevention technologies of previous generations,they responded to new disaster situations flexibly and created and utilized new technologies,with the intention of maximizing the effectiveness of disaster prevention technologies.The specific technologies to deal with disasters cover a wide range,and are classified into water conservancy engineering technology,grain storage technology,agricultural production technology,medical technology,boat making technology,ecological restoration technology and other categories according to their attributes.Through the integration and classification of documents and materials such as official chronicles,water conservancy inscriptions,archives,poems and songs,it is found that the implementation of this disaster response system in Ming and Qing Dynasties has played a positive role in the relief of flood and drought disasters.The specific implementation situation and rules of each technology have been explained by category.Among many disaster response technologies,irrigation and water conservancy,storage and medical technology are widely used.They are also more traditional disaster control measures,and usually achieve better results.In addition,in order to achieve a better disaster relief effect in the disasterstricken areas,several technologies are often implemented in combination,and they work together.At the national level,disaster relief practices such as disaster reporting and disaster relief,storage guarantee,gathering and displacement,cattle breeding and irrigation through canals run through the implementation of disaster response technology.Taking into account the overall operation and long-term stability of finance,paying attention to people’s survival and security interests,and paying attention to the use of non-governmental forces to practice technology in response to disasters can ensure the stability of social and economic order and follow-up production and construction in disaster areas at the technical level.The civil society promoted the concrete implementation of disaster response technology,researched and developed,popularized and utilized multiple technical means,and ensured the basic implementation of disaster response means.The grass-roots level is the main body of practice.It is found in this paper that it is not uncommon to record the implementation of personal technical means in Ming and Qing Dynasties.It is a very critical link in the implementation of disaster response technology that individuals exert the wisdom of previous generations and their own labor level to throw themselves into the field treatment and response of flood and drought disasters.However,during this period,many problems also occurred in the disaster relief work,which affected the implementation and effectiveness of disaster response technology.Because the starting purpose of technical implementation always includes maintaining the feudal ruling order,it is easy to become a mere formality in the specific implementation,and there is a situation of neglect of governance in the later period,so it is difficult to completely solve the famine problem.It is also subject to the central financial situation,which leads to the lack of follow-up governance,and the lack of funds for maintenance of warehousing,water conservancy projects,etc.,which are gradually abandoned.In addition,due to the limitation of the level of scientific and technological productivity under the conditions of the times,the technology itself also has some drawbacks,which reduces the effectiveness of technology implementation.These problems are reflected in many aspects,such as national finance,division of labor among different subjects,disaster relief procedures,etc.,which are closely related to the construction of disaster response mechanism in Ming and Qing Dynasties.If these problems are not solved for a long time,the whole disaster response personnel will be exhausted,and the technical effect will be difficult to give full play to.Finally,the environmental effects of flood and drought prevention technologies in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties are discussed.Based on the above analysis,it is found that the occurrence of natural disasters has played a certain role in promoting the development and improvement of water conservancy,storage construction and other disaster relief technologies in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.On the other hand,the invention and implementation of various disaster relief technologies in Ming and Qing Dynasties have also produced multiple effects on the ecological and humanistic environment.This paper summarizes and analyzes the historical experience of the basic relationship model between technical application and disasters in the process of flood and drought disaster response in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties,and the process of effective environmental governance by technical means.Taking the research object of this paper as an example,it provides a new observation perspective for the interaction between the change of natural ecological environment and human production and life in the historical period. |
PDF Full Text Request