Study On Ecological Effect Of Evolution Of Grassland Landscape Pattern Driven By Tourist Interference

The development of grassland tourism is entering into acceleration time. However, obvious degradation of ecological environment appears in the grassland area where tourism development is centralized relatively. So it is necessary to explore the main reason and effect mechanism of tourism development in order to protect ecological environment of grassland tourist area.The paper took Xilamuren grassland tourist area in Inner Mongolia as case to carry out research. First, the paper interpreted remote sensing images in 4 different periods (2000,2004,2007,2009)from the perspective of landscape ecology methods and obtained vector data, and analyzed landscape pattern and its dynamic characteristics quantitatively during the past 10 years through landscape pattern indices, and then analyzed influential factors of dynamic variation of landscape pattern by combining 18 years of meteorological data and tourist interference factors,productive life factors of animal husbandry and policy factors of the development of tourism in the recent 10 years, and then analyzed correlation between landscape pattern index and driven index by using SPSS, and finally found the important role of tourist interference factors in landscape pattern of grassland tourist area. The paper also explores differences of tourism disturbance in tourist grassland tourist area by field survey and experimental analysis, as well as reveals its effect mechanism and ecological effect. At last, it puts forward to strategy of the ecological environmental protection and optimized management mechanism in tourist grassland area, so as to provide scientific basis for grassland landscape area when making decision, and then promote the protection of grassland ecological environment and sustainable development of grassland tourism. Research results are as follows:1,In the recent 10 years, the landscape composition in Xilamuren grassland tourist area has changed greatly, but the trend and level of variation among landscape type are different. The rapid growth of tourism land area and its great number as well as intensively distribution directly result in the damage of grassland landscape. The phenomenon of islanding of grassland patch intensifies obviously and ecological environment become more vulnerable due to intensive division of tourism disturbance.2,The research on regional discrepancy of landscape pattern, carried out by three ring layer based on taking township as the center and a fixed radius, indicates that different degrees of interference due to different distance from the center of town. In buffer area, the degree of landscape fragmentation is higher, the biggest patch takes up the lowest area ratio of landscape, and the aggregation index is the lowest, all of these demonstrate that the intensity of interference in the area is the highest and tourist interference is the main one. It also reflects that grassland tourist area, which is different from other type of tourist area, is of higher intensity of interference in buffer area which is mainly related with the nature of grassland tourism and tourists'cognitive requirements for grassland tourism.3,The climatic vacillation over the years and the analysis on substitutive indexes of the change of human activity in research area indicate that climatic interference make grassland degenerated to some extent, and transform more high coverage grassland into medium and low. But no fundamental change on the square of grassland will happen. Human destructive interference changes landscape pattern a lot, and make the increasing degree of landscape fragmentation, so that reducing the stability of the ecological environment. And tourist interference has become the main external factor making the landscape of grassland tourist area transform into fragmentation rapidly. Climate change is not controllable, and the impact of tourist interference is the controllable factors of human. Consequently, developing appropriate measures to protect grassland ecological environment and how to adjust and control the influence of tourist interference have become important tasks to improve the grassland ecological environment.4,Tourist activities destroy vegetation and soil of grassland greatly. In areas of great interference, vegetation suffered devastating destruction, soil texture became deteriorated, reduced productivity, surface water erosion and wind erosion intensified, and ecological environment is damaged. With the interference decreased, the recoverable ability of its vegetation and soil reinforce. The ecological environment is expected to be restored in the case of taking certain protective measures.5,The analysis on tourist interference, which is carried out from three perspectives——tourist spots around, different tourist activity areas and different levels of tourist road, shows that the intensity of tourist interference will be higher if the distance, between grassland tourist area and the area of tourist spots centralized distributed, is shorter, and the vegetation and soil will suffered greater damage, and south is significantly greater than north. Different tourist activity area not only shows the differences of tourist interference between activity areas, but also shows degrees of interference and damage is different if the types of activity are not same. Different levels of travel road show the discrepancy of degree of interference brought by the frequency of vehicle rolling on it. By contrast analysis, it is found that the way formed due to the vehicle rolled has the greatest impact on the environment, then is the destruction of tourism, and then is the impact of tourist spots around.6,According to the corresponding conclusions, measures of tourism development based on the protection of ecological environmental was proposed, with emphasis: Partition should be made by main function according to the environmental capacity in the tourism development area. The priority tourism development area, key tourism development area, restricted development area and prohibited tourism development area should be parted, and then define the scale and intensity of its development, so as to protect the ecological environment to the greatest extent. "small and scattered" tourist spots should be integrated effectively so as to achieve dual purposes——intensive management and the protection of ecological environment. In the tourist area, ecological construction of tourist roads and the transport equipment under the concept of "low-carbon transport" should be carried out in order to minimize the impact on regional ecological environment.