Studies On The Recreation Development Effects On Natural Environment And The Strategies In Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

The rapid development of recreation trade since 1980's has made the issues of environment pollution and destroys on recreation sites very serious in China. However, researches on recreational environment are relatively delayed. Therefore, it is urgent to further study the environment effects and the management on recreation sites. In this paper, the method of combination of after-the-fact analysis and long-term monitoring is used. On the base of investigating and analyzing changes of ecological environmental factors since the foundation of the park, such as vegetations, soils, water, atmosphere and animals etc., the paper studies recreation development effects on natural ecological environment, and put forwards strategies on environmental control and management. The major conclusions are as the following: 1) Evaluation of effects on atmosphere quality. More and more travelers result in the increase of hotels, which give out more waste gas. Waste gas pollutants mainly include SO₂ ,NO_x and powder, of which SO₂ pollution is the most serious. The serious SO₂ pollution results from the high sulphur content in life coals. As for the daily distribution of atmosphere pollution degree, it is the most serious at night, medium in the morning and the less in the afternoon; the monthly distribution is that the most serious in summer, medium in autumn and the less in spring; the yearly distribution appears the worsening trend. Spatially, atmosphere pollution is mainly occurred in accommodation areas not in sightseeing areas. Thus the temporal and spatial distribution of atmosphere pollution is influenced by travelers in different seasons, micro-atmosphere and micro-topography. Acid rain and frog effects are very large in the park. Recreation development also has effects on aeroanion in accommodation area. Main measures for controlling atmosphere pollution are to change fuel structure. 2) Evaluation of effects on water quality. The rapid increase of travelers and accommodation equipments results in the rise of sewage discharge. Pollutants in water body are from human body excreta, food evil elements and greasy dirt etc. Water body pollution is mainly occurred at upper reaches of Jinbian River near accommodation areas. The main reasons for water body pollution are improper selection of location of accommodation areas and incomplete sewage treatments. The according measures are to establish sewage treatment stations. 3) Evaluation of effects on vegetation. Atmosphere pollution effects on annual D.B.H increment of Chinese fir are very obvious. The contents of Fu and SO2 in leaves are increased and begin to accumulate. Trees located besides of roads are seriously carved by travelers, especially in Jinbianxi and Huangshizai areas. The wounded degree is mainly related with tree species, smoothing degree and the distance from tree to the edge of roads. Some go-with-people plants appear. So the main strategies for plant protection are to change fuel structure, regenerate tree species near roads and strengthen researches on biodiversity changes and environment protection education on travelers. 4) Evaluation of effects on soils. The hardness, water content and unit weight of soils are heavily affected by the activities that travelers go for sightseeing beyond the limited roads. Effects on hardness is the most serious, water content medium and unit weight the least. Some measures such as establishing protective parapet and bricks on which grasses are planted. 5) Evaluation of effects on wild animals. Travelers'activities such as intervene and illegal hunting, and exploding rocks for recreation development, result in the changes of population quantities and structure. Many animals disappeared and endangered in the park. Of the remaining animals in the park, some changed in the life characteristics. The degree of effects on wild animals varies with different animals. Among birds, animals and reptile, reptile are affected most heavily, animals the next and birds the lest. However, it is contrary in the late. The measures for animal protection are to prohibit hunting, keep the park silent and set up corridors for wild animals. 6) Evaluation of effects on landscape. Urbanization is very serious in accommodation areas where some buildings aren't in tune with the environment. Vegetation landscape in Huangshizai is heavily destroyed by cableways. So some strategies are needed for landscape protection such as changing the shapes and colors of some buildings, planting some shrubs in the cutting gilds resulted from establishing cableways. Some creations are made. 1) To develop a new atmosphere quality evaluation model that includes danger evaluation factors based on the Shanghai atmosphere quality index model, very useful for atmosphere quality evaluation in parks. 2) To define the term "Aeroanion coefficient", to develop an evaluation model for forest aeroanion, and to put forward evaluation standards firstly based on the model. 3) To modify methods for weight proportion computation of water quality indicators, to give a new useful method for water quality evaluation, gray model identification. 4) To classify morphological types of soil effects, and to develop the soil effect index model which is very efficient for effects evaluation on soils. 5) To put forward the definition of wild animal sense coefficient, and to evaluate traveler effects on wild animals.