The Illustration Of Nature's Essential Meaning

The purpose of this paper is to interpret the ecological ideas of Marx in the way that to illustrate the ecological ideas of Marx in ecological Marxism perspective. How ecological ideas of Marx be illustrated by ecological Marxism? What are the ecological ideas of Marx? What's the essential meaning of Marx's ideas about Nature? These issues would be discussed in several aspects as follows:The standpoints and attributions of ecological Marxism will be studied in the first chapter. The development of this subject is more nurtured than before after almost 30 years. Because the harmony of human being and Nature is the ethical goal of ecological Marxism which is lasted development of Marxism in western, ecological Marxism and ecological socialism are belong to ecological Marxism in broad sense. Additionally, the developing stages of ecological Marxism could be classified into three sections: political practice, theoretical construction and integration of theory and practice.The ideas about negation of ecological Marxism will be discussed in the chapter 2. Some ecological Marxist in early time, like Agger, denied that the theory of Marx contained ecological ideas, which is a misunderstanding of ecological thought of Marx. It is the fact that Marx does really create abundant ideas about social ecology. Admittedly, there is not only similarity, but also difference between the ecological Marxism and ecological ideas of Marx, that make people hold various pinions about the study of ecological ideas of Marx in ecological Marxism perspective.The justifications of ecological Marxism by some scholars will be illustrated in the third chapter. In the base of post-modernism, some ecologists criticize that Marxism totally has no ideas about ecology, while some ecological Marxists, like Parsons, defend Marx's naturalism by considering that Marx does not ignore the ecological balance of Nature. Some other ecological Marxist, for instance, Pepper hold that Marx always pondered the interests of all human beings. Consequently, he defends Marx against the criticism in humanistic way. The defense of ecological Marxists, on the one hand, prove the power of Marxism and justify that there are ecological ideas belong to Marx's theory. On the other hand, it is raised a gap between Marx's naturalism and his humanitarianism. By the way, supporting or objecting the view of human-centralism is a fake proposition, because both of them are concerning the welfare about the human beings. The essence of this issue is justice of ecology or justice of society.The theoretical construction of ecological will be interpreted in chapter 4. O'connor who disagreed with the theory of Marx held that the drawback of traditional historical materialism is that it has no ideas about ecology. As a result, Marxism must be reconstructed if it could be used continuously as a weapon to criticize the injustice of capitalism. That means Marxism should be reformed especially its ideas about Nature. So, Foster tried to construct the methodology of ecological Marxism. He proved that Marx is a social ecologist who has abundant ecological thought by using the evidences of the development of materialism and natural sciences. The construction of ecological Marxism that took on by O'connor and Foster sent a model that could help us to study and develop Marxism further.The essential meanings of Marx's ideas about Nature would be analyzed in chapter 5. In order to illustrate the meanings clearly, the reasons of the disagreements of various versions of ecological Marxism will also be discussed. Marx thought that Nature is an organic whole in the relation of Nature and society, that not only admit the priority of the existence of Nature, but also accept that it transcend the existence of Nature. The relation of Nature and society is the unity of in and for itself. In other words, the relation of them is the unity of material view of Nature, humanistic view of Nature, social view of Nature and ecological view of Nature. However, the problem of Nature is the problem of human beings or society essentially. The alienation of Nature consist in the alienation of labor, so only in this way that the workers all over the world united in a Consociation, could the society be realize the unity of naturalism and Humanitarianism. Internality axiology of Nature no matter in theory or in practice would sink into the predicament if without the help of theory that being thought only combine the value of subject and object, can we solve the conflict between human beings and Nature and keeping the balance of natural ecology. Considering how to deal with the idea that Marx has no thought about ecology, ecological Marxists draw a different conclusion that they just contemplate the Marx's ideas about Nature unilaterally.The inspiration of ecological Marxism is the pursuit of ecological education in nowadays. This issue will be talked in chapter 6. O'connor and Pepper think that the ecological problem of socialism countries is not caused by the definition of socialism, while the real problem is that what values about Nature the people hold in these countries. Civilized people must be equipped by ecological ideas especially the people in socialism countries. So, it is safe to arrive at the conclusion that emphasizing the ecological education is the way to cultivate the ecological ideas and values of the citizens. Ecological education could be used to transfer the knowledge of ecology. Additionally, it could also be used to sharp one's personality. So according to the reasons the author provided, the conclusion of this thesis is that reforming the ideas and methods of ecological education is the way to solve the problem of ecology.