| Camellia reticulata Lindley. is an ornamental trees in the family Theaceae. Apart from its use as ornamental garden plant it is also being used for various other purposes like oil plant, medicinal, etc.. The attractive characteristics including its large flower size, bright and charming colour, many cultivars and particularly a long flowering season in winter have become Yunnan traditional features ornamental flowers, also the Kunming city flower. Its mainly distributed is reported to be Yunnan and the region southwest of Sichuan, Guizhou, China. C. reticulata was cultivated or semicultivated as early as in the Sui and Tang dynasties, more than 1500 years, also was appearing in many poems, inscriptions and other literatures. We speculated that, the traditional culture from different nationalities and different culture play an important role in diversification of C. reticulata. Therefore, we carry out ethnobotanical surveys were conducted throughout the Midwest of Yunnan to investigate and document the related to the traditional culture, to explore the humanistic factors reflect the different areas of local aesthetic, consciousness and culture, etc.. Furthermore, using modern ethnobotany point view, using AFLP markers to analyse the genetic diversity of C. reticulata, and the relationship between genetic diversity and culture diversity of C. reticulata to verify our hypothesis.The study was carried out in five areas in Yunnan:Kunming, Dali, Lijiang, Tengchong, and Chuxiong, fieldwork was conducted during January to February 2014. The common characteristics of these five regions that have long history and rich culture, nationalities composition mainly of Yi, Bai, Naxi, cultural diversity is very rich, has a long history in the history and culture. These regions, which influenced by religion, also integrated into the national cultural elements, showing a variety of culture blend features:(1) The protective effects of religious belief. According to our survey, most of C. reticulata were kept in these shrines are all good keeping. On one side, after the Yuan Dynasty C. reticulata became the Buddha flower, for its moral and temperament. On the other side, for Buddhist doctrine itself to protect life, Cha-hua was carefully maintenance by monks. In addition, due to people in awe of the Buddha, also hold in awe and veneration to temple’s property. In Yunnan Province, most of the local people embrace primitive animism religions, which retains a lot of the ideology and behaviour habits about protection of ecological environment, mainly displayed in the from of natural worship, totem worship and ancestor worship. In Yi culture, people believed holy trees or holy forests from ancient legends, most number ancient camellia tree kept in old temple, this is the embodiment of traditional culture for protection of cha-hua. For Naxi people, as well as embrace primitive animism religions, they based on Dongba (Dto’mba) culture; advocate all things have spirit, more performance in the protection of plant and worship.(2) The spread of ancient economic exchanges. According to our survey, cultivation type cha-hua are mainly located around the ancient main transport artery (Southwest silk road), such as Dali and Kunming are centre of Yunnan before and after Yuan dynasty’s respectively. This also coincided with the cha-hua distribution.(3) The promoting function of nationalities culture. According to our survey, 5 nationalities regions of cha-hua culture are different. Dali was used as garden landscape and a status symbol; Yi make respected for cha-hua; and in Tengchong was used as oil plants. Distribution of each region has its unique cha-hua culture, from different angles on the diversity of C. reticulata.In our study, genetic diversity among 190 individuals from 5 populations C. reticulata were determined by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker. A total of 387 DNA fragments were produced with 4 AFLP primer combinations and out of which 387 (100%) were found polymorphic. Either in species level (H=0.3470,I=0.5241) or population level (H=0.3470, I=0.5241) is higher than related research. AMOVA analysis showed genetic differentiation among the populations and within populations in C. reticulata. Of the total genetic diversity,3.96% resided among populations,96.31% resided among individuals within populations. This study found, the variation of C. reticulata higher than 0.9, in species level, the genetic differentiation among populations was not significant (GST=0.0518). Nm=9.1598,the genetic variation is caused by crossbreeding, meaning that caused by human factors. Conclusion, cha-hua has higher genetic diversity caused by the following reasons:(1) C. reticulata is perennial plants, outcrossing, this type of plant genetic diversity is higher than other types species. Seeds is mainly transmitted by gravity, this leads to the propagation distance is limited. Theoretically, this spread way will lead to the genetic variation between populations is higher than the variation within the population, but our results is the opposite of the phenomenon. In fact, C. reticulata spreading process human factors play a big role.(2) C. reticulata with polyploidization phenomenon. C. reticulata is the heterogenous polyploidy plant, many Camellia plant may involved in the process of polyploidization, made contribute of it high genetic diversity. This phenomenon also lead to the population variation among geographic distance between was not significant.(3) Genetic diversity and population genetic structure characteristics are closely related to traditional culture. According to the results, in the 5 populations, Chuxiong has the highest genetic diversity; this is due to the rich Yi traditional culture and religion.(4) Long cultivation history produced many different cultivars; finally form today rich and colourful status quo.To sum up, according to we carry out ethnobotanical surveys and using molecular marker analysis the genetic diversity, we knows that the cultural connotation of C. reticulata prompted the formation of biodiversity.
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