Risk Assessment And Management Strategy Of Frankliniella Occidentalis And Liriomyza Trifolii In China

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Liriomyza trifolii Burgess are thedevastating phytosanitary pests to a variety of hosts and widely distributed. Therefore,it is of important significance in theory and application for risk assessment, potentialdistribution prediction and proposal of risk management measures in China.In this paper, the assessment was performed on potential geographic distribution,likelihood of introduction and consequences of their introduction based on ourcollected documents and their basic bio-ecology characteristics. It was followed bythe comprehensive evaluation of potential risk of these two species of pests, theproposal of major management measures and the establishment of riskcommunication system according to above assessment results. The details are asfollows:1. The potential distribution area of Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyzatrifolii in China was predicted by CLIMEX software and the potential suitable rankswere divided based on different eco-climatic index (EI) value in various distributionarea.Potential distribution area of Frankliniella occidentalis includes northeast ofChina, north of China, central of China, south of China and northwest of China. Thereare four highly suitable regions, the first region is centered on Henan and Shannxi andHubei province, the second centered on Sichuan province, the third centered on Fujianand Zhejiang province and the fourth centered on Guizhou and Guangxi province. TheLiriomyza trifolii in China potentially covers northeast of China, north of China,central of China and southwest of China. In addition, the highly suitable potentialdistribution area includes part of Liaoning province, east of Shandong province, northof Jiangsu province, north of Anhui province, south of Shanxi province, central andsouth of Shanxi province, central of Henan province, north of Hubei province, southeast of Gansu province, east of Sichuan province, majority of Yunnan province andwest of Guizhou province.2. Application on GARP, a software based on genetic algorithm ecological model,was systematically introduced in detail for the first time, and it was applied topredicted the potential distribution areas of Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyzatrifolii in China.Potential distribution areas of Frankliniella occidentalis predicted by GARP inChina include north east of China, north of China, central areas of China and east ofChina. Potential distribution areas of Frankliniella occidentalis predicted by GARP inChina include a majority area of north east of China, north of China, central of Chinaand south of China, and also include a part of Xinjiang.3. Geography information system technique was applied to overlap the results ofpotential distribution predicted by CLIMEX and GARP for the first time. It wasindicated that the overlapped potential distribution of Frankliniella occidentalisincludes part or entire of Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi,Shannxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, and that of Liriomyza trifolii includesLiaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian etc.4. Risk assessment of Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza trifolii wasconducted from the two points of view: the likelihood and consequences ofintroduction. The former involves four factors, including emergence likelihood onentry pathways, entry potential, habitation potential and spread potential. And thelatter deals with the three consequences: potential economic losses, potentialenvironmental damage and potential social losses. It was revealed by the integrationof all factors that there are high risk of introduction and likelihood of seriousconsequences caused by them. Consequently, it can be concluded that Frankliniellaoccidentalis and Liriomyza trifolii are potentially two species of highly devastatingpests for China and are recommended to be in the list of quarantine pests of forbiddenentry to China.Scenario analysis was used for pest risk management. According to the scenarioanalysis of entry process of Frankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza trifolii and theconsideration of their common traits, crisis management measures and managementmeasures for reducing risk under appropriate protection level after their introductionwere proposed.Crisis management is in hope of achieving precaution, control and even removalof pests and will be initiated at the introduction of either of these two species of pests.Management measures for reducing risk under appropriate protection level wereproposed depending on epidemic area and improved to meet the requirements ofimport and transport standard by a series of risk managements. It finally resulted in atotal of six management measures (M1-M6) for reducing risk and one or severalmeasures could be adopted corresponding to various goods or regions.6. The consultation of documents and overseas advanced experiences resulted inthe division of risk communication into three kinds: including crisis communication,care communication, and concensus communication. Risk communication ofFrankliniella occidentalis and Liriomyza trifolii involved crisis communication andcare communication and risk assessment concerning them finally led to the proposalof major objectives in risk communication.7. Risk assessment was performed on the double-role of Frankliniellaoccidentalis and Liriomyza trifolii acting as facility agriculture pests and generalagriculture pests for the first time to. It can be inferred that the management andinspection in unsuitable field are as important as those in suitable area and riskcommunication is the guarantee for strengthening the control of these two species ofpests and reducing the spread risk. Moreover, more attention should be paid toalternate-infection of pests (particularly tiny insect pests) between commonagriculture and general agriculture.