| Lac is the traditional products with local characteristics in Yunnan province. The Lac industry of China is concentrated in Yunnan province, which is not only the origin area, but also the main yield region of lac. Yunnan Lac production accounted for 99% of national production before 1960s. Lac production has been spread to Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan and other provinces since 1970. However, the proportion of Yunnan still accounts for more than 90% of whole national production. Lac eco-economic system is a component of the overall multi-factor, including lac insects, host plants and the environment. Lac insects mainly distribute in the poverty mountainous areas of south subtropical and tropical zone. Now lac productions become the main source of income for local farmers and the backbone of the Poverty-alleviation Project. Lac industry has broad market prospects and significant economic benefits, due to meet the requirement of green, organic, natural in environmental protection and health. Large-scale host plants in lac cultivation has played a vital role in greening of barren hills, water and soil, protecting natural forests and improve the ecological environment. The main results were as follows:There were 6 species of lac insects, and their host plant species were up to 300 species, among them, 20 were the better plant species. There were 80 millions individuals of host plants of lac insects, and distributes among 200 thousands hectares around China. The constructed lac-producing arrangement can produced different quality of lac which was secreted by different lac insect species, and distributed across south subtropical belt area, north tropical belt, and dry-hot volley.The species construction and special construction of lac eco-economical ecosystem were reasonable, and had good synchronism of lac producing, crops producing, and biodiversity conservation. In order to increase good-quality lac, Kerria lacca and Kerria sindica could be cultivated in dry-hot volley in summer and winter, and be cultivated in south sub-tropical area in summer, where the climate conditions and host plants are good to raise them.Lac eco-economical system had good eco-economical function. The economical value of lac eco-economical was 1.5-1.8 times of that of farming system. The washed-away soil in lac forest was 14% of that in farmland, 30-40% of that in wasteland. The washed-away organic nutrients and N, P, and K were 10-20% of that in farmland, 20% of that in wasteland. The amount of carbon sequestration in lac eco-economical system was up to 540t. Besides produced lac, the system can produced 200 thousands of firewood, which matched producing 130 thousands standard coal, deceasing the amount of 180 thousand M~3 fell-down forest, and protecting 12 thousands of Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis aged from 15-20.In this study, the overall, system eco-economic theory was chosen as guide theory. Honghe State and Mojiang County, belonging to typical lac producing areas in Yunnan were chosen as the study area. By using combination methods of field surveys, fixed-point observation and econometric approach, we investigate the eco-economic system of Lac structure, constructed of eco-economic evaluation indicators of Lac to assess the economic and ecological benefits and to explore the interaction between the subsystems. Then it is expected to improve resource utilization of Lac and productivity, and promote the sustainable development of lac industry by provide a reliable basis for data and scientific basis of Lac industrial development.Lac eco-economic system evaluation indicators and its quantitative method were constructed in this study. Indicators of social and economic benefits addressed on the investment rate of return (IRR), payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), index of net present value (INPV) while eco-efficiency indicators addressed on the index of efficiency oxygen-release with carbon-sequestration, soil erosion reduction, sand and silt stranding decrease, soil fertility increasing, conservation water resource. The costs, economic benefits and profits of the different mode of lac cultivation, were analyzed and results showed that profit of pure-forest pattern was 814.14 -1564.42 Yuan per Mu, profit of forest-shrubs pattern was 983.33- 1145.20 Yuan per Mu and profit of forest- grain pattern was 1008.98- 1563.64 Yuan per Mu. IRR of pure-forest pattern was 2.08% -3.57%, IRR of forest-shrubs pattern was3.49 % -4.08% while IRR of forest- grain pattern was 1.18% -2.74%. PP of pure-forest pattern was 1.01 - 4.58 yr, PP of forest-shrubs pattern was 1.01- 4.62 yr and PP of forest- grain pattern was 2.29-4.38 yr. In the aspect of lac processing, 23,138.22 yuan was consumed to produce one ton seedlac. For the lac enterprises with annual production capacity of 100 tons seedlac, the annual income was 2,400,000.00 yuan. The profit was 86,200.00 yuan. Payback period (PP) was 9.28 yrs and investment rate of return (IRR) was 10.78%. For the enterprises with annual production capacity of 50 tons flake shellac, the cost was 31362.68 yuan per ton. Annual income was 170.00 million yuan. Profit was 131,900.00 yuan. PP was 8.34 yrs and IRR was 12.00%. As for the enterprises with annual production capacity of 50 tons bleached shellac, the cost was 48,990 yuan per ton. Annual income was 275.00 million yuan. Profit was 300,500.00 yuan. PP was 3.66 yrs and IRR was up to 27.32%. In the course of lac processing, the profits were increased persistent with the expansion of processing depth. The return sequence of lac products was: bleached shellac > flake shellac > seedlac.In the aspect of eco-efficiency, the ecologic profits of pure forest was 727.83 yuan per mu, in which soil erosion reduction, sand and silt stranding decrease, soil fertility increasing, conservation water resource and oxygen-release with carbon- sequestration account for 0.0008%, 0.0000%, 0.6960%, 0.0026% and 99.3005% respectively. Ecologic profits of forest-shrubs was 698.69 yuan per mu, in which soil erosion reduction, sand and silt stranding decrease, soil fertility increasing, conservation water resource and oxygen-release with carbon-sequestration account for 0.0009%, 0.0001%, 0.5653% , 0.0038% and 99.4298% respectively. Profits of forest-grain pattern was 1123.63 yuan per mu, in which soil erosion reduction, sand and silt stranding decrease, soil fertility increasing, conservation water resource and oxygen-release with carbon- sequestration account for -0.0006,0.0000% 0.0325 %, -0.0021% and 99.9702% respectively. Efficiency of oxygen-release with carbon-sequestration was the mainly ecological benefits in different patterns which accounts for more than 99% of the eco-efficiency model.As for the integrated evaluation of ecology and economy, the eco-economic benefits of pure forest were 2010.11 yuan per mu annually, in which economic benefits was 1282.28 yuan per mu while ecologic benefits was 727.83 respectively. The eco-economic benefits of forest-shrubs were 1512.83 yuan per mu annually, in which economic benefits was 814.14 yuan per mu while ecologic benefit was 698.69 respectively. Furth the eco-economic benefits of forest-grain were 2206.19 yuan per mu annually, in which economic benefits was 1082.56 yuan per mu while ecologic benefits was 1123.63 respectively.Studies have shown that changes in climatic conditions, a single plastic species and lack of lac breeding incubator, the degradation of technology led to the aging or improper using host trees, other economic crops occupying land resources of lac production, market price fluctuations reducing enthusiasm of farmers are all the constraints of lac cultivation. Operating system constraints on industrial development, a larger gap between supply and demand, production capacity of enterprises, products with low added value, low-level competition, weak competition of enterprises, inter-annual products fluctuation, high and low disparity is too large, lowly industrial organization, threats of substitutes, emphasis of government and enterprises not enough, are becoming the prominent problems on the extent of lac products. In this respect, policy support should be strengthened to protect the long-term stable development of lac industry. Brooklac as the guide, cultivate base and ecological construction as starting point, we should promote the growth and development of lac industry by the means of multi-model development, comprehensive utilization of lac host plants, establishment of efficient information feedback system, construction of industry organizations, stability of the price mechanism, strengthening technological innovation, product positioning and market development.
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