A Study Of Contemporary Western Ecological Socialism

Western eco-socialism after1990s, criticizes, inherits, or develops the eco-socialism before1990s and finally comes in forth.Andre Gorz、Saral Sarkar、James O’Connor Festor J.Bellamy、David Pepper and so on still i nsist on attributing ecological crisis to capitalism, but more emphasis is p ut on analyzing capitalism’s pattern of production and the contradiction b etween the infinite expansion of capital and the limitation of resources to reveal the nature of capital against ecology in the context of globalizatio n. They criticize the brutal deeds and ecological evils of ecological imperi alism,and also prove the impossibility of realizing ecological modernism by replacing the renewable resources with unrenewable ones, charging ecol ogical duties, tradable pollution permits, eco-technologies, ecological indus try, non-material production and the commercialization of nature and othe r approaches. Andre Gorz、Saral Sarkar and James O’Connor also criticize the ecological catastrophe of socialism under the socialist pattern of Sovie t Union and its reasons, such as the limits of growth, economic reason a nd centralized system.In conclusion, contemporary eco-socialism proves ne cessity and basic features of eco-socialism as the solution to ecological cr isis by the different way. For example,Andre Gorz attempts to construct e co-socialism by building ecologic reason based on socialist modes of prod uction. Saral Sarkar constructs steady-state eco-socialism due to the doub le delusion of capitalism and socialism under the socialist pattern of Sovie t Union; James O’Connor seeks to construct ecological socialism that mak es exchange value subordinate to use value and makes distributive justice subordinate to productive justice in order to combine ecology and sociali sm.David Pepper attempts to return to eco-socialism of anthropocentrism based on the criticism of the post-modernism trait of green politics. Foste r J.Bellamy hopes to balance ecological justice with social justice by ecolo gical social revolution. Although the representative men have different tho ughts, they have more consensus on the construction of the pattern of e co-socialism. All of the representative men clearly state building a future society which combines ecological harmony and social justice. As to the o peration mechanism of future society, they do not stand for decentralizati on, but emphasize on combining economical justice environmental justice and social justice to realize the development pattern of green economy; theydont’completely agree with democracy at the grassroots level and t he "rejuvenation of democracy", which has the form instead of the conte nt of democracy. They crave for the country which sublates" local direct democracy,liberal democratic forms and bureaucracy "and contains democr atic content. They wang to shape ecological culture that abides by ecolog ical law and land ethics.They protest against the interests community and ecological community and advocate building a harmonious nature-societ y. For the approach of realizing future society, most of them think the a gents of social change should be of diversification and have a further an alysis of the necessity and feasibility, opportunities and challenges of red-green alliance based on the previous thoughts before1990s.After the collapse of Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,Contemporary western eco-socialism opposes to the rigid traditional socialist system and pure democratic ideas in developed countries,insists on the inevitability of socialism in the context of globalization and proposes a new interpreta tion of socialist connotation. Contemporary western eco-socialism rejects t he post-modern ideas against subject, essentialism, science and reason, d efends modernity and points the correct roads of future green movement s. Of course, contemporary western eco-socialism still have many defects and utopian ideas in the agents and approaches of socialist revolution as well as the construction of future society, so it is different from scientifi c socialism in its nature.China at the present stage may gain enlightenment from Contempora ry western ecological socialism.China can’t sacrifice the industrial civilizati on for ecological civilization to return to the hinterland,can’t sacrifice ecol ogical civilization to achieve" treatment after pollution" modernization and also can not transfer environmental disaster to other countries like the w estern developed countries. In the construction of ecological civilization C hina should implement "ecology-oriented new modernization strategy" that is to integrate the economic development, social progress and eco-friendl y by ecological transition of economic modernization and social moderniza tion. At the same time, Chinese ecological civilization construction should be fully integrated into the economic construction, political construction, c ultural construction and social construction and so on.