The Study On The Gender Wage Differentials Of The Migrant Workers In China

Gender wage differentials is a common phenomenon in the world,and China is no exception.With the deepening of the urbanization process and the increase of the whole family migration of migrant workers,more and more female migrant workers have flowed into cities. the number has reached 166.1 million in 2013,which accounts for46.31%.Female migrant workers are essential for the economic development and social progress. They are disadvantaged in employment, promotion, salary welfare treatment and so on because of the triple identity as farmers,female,manual workers.It is obvious that similar productivity of different gender have got unequal wages. Wage is an important factor affecting the employment choice.It will affect the the efficiency of the labor market,thereby impeding the realization of the labor market "Pareto efficiency" goals.The main economic target has been clearly put forward in "The Outline Program for Development of Chinese Women(2011-2020)",as "to reduce the non-farm employment and income gap between men and women,to implement of equal pay for men and women comprehensive".The development requirement is that "the elimination of employment discrimination and institutional barriers which affect equality of employment between urban and rural areas, between industry, between identity, between male and female" in the Third Plenary Session of the eighteen.It shows not only that there are employment discrimination,but also that the Party and State Leaders attach great importance to gender equality during the comprehensive deepening reforms. It has a strong practical guiding significance to research on the gender wage gap of migrant workers and its influencing factors for thoroughly implement of the basic state policy of equality between men and women,the adjustment of national income distribution,the problem of labor shortages,acceleration of the acceptance of migrant workers.Currently the researchers have done a lot of research on the gender wage gap and its decomposition of migrant workers.These studies provide ideas and research methods for the thesis.However there are some flaws and shortcomings,such as the outdated data and poor representation,the controversy of important conclusion,the defects in the choice of research methods,lack of research on the gender wage gap distribution.In contrast with the existing articles, there are four aspects to improve in this paper.(1)Analyzing relevant theory and literature associated with gender wage differentials and combining the reality of migrant workers in china, the paper builds a theoretical analysis framework of gender wage differentials for migrant workers;(2)The paper uses the data which are a wider scope,highly targeted,time sensitive.(3)From the Angle of the meandifference and quantile distribution,the paper analyzes comprehensively the influencing factors of the gender wage gap, and the degree of influence of various factors.(4)The paper introduces the Heckit method to modify the decomposition of Neumark and corrects the problems of the benchmark index and selection bias.Based on the dynamic monitoring data of the migrant in 2013 from the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China,the paper studies the following questions using the method of literature research,the method of econometrics research,the method of comparative research.how much is the gender wage gap?Are the gender wage gap different in different wage levels?How many factors to influence in the gap?How much is the contribution rate of each factor of differences ?What is the most fundamental reason?How to reduce the gender discrimination?Studying the above issues,the paper draws main conclusions as follows.(1)The gender wage differences of migrant workers are even more serious.The distribution of the gender differences using salary is irregular.The distribution of the gender differences using hourly wage is "ceiling effect",while the coefficient effect tends to "sticky floor effect".The inside of the male migrant workers wages difference degree is bigger than women.(2)Selection bias is the largest factors for the total differences,especially for the coefficient effects,which shows that the unequal of employment choice between men and women is particularly important mainly from preferential treatment for male.(3)Using the method of the revised Neumark decomposition and the method of quantile Counter-factual decomposition,the paper finds that the variables of employment industries,areas,ages,work experiences can increase the gender wage gap.the gender wage discrimination is produced in the unequal income of age and experience.The discrimination of age is more serious within the range of low wages.the discrimination of experiences is more serious in the developed area. the variables of education,occupation,the nature of the employment units can narrow the gender wage gap.The importance of education is obvious for those who work in the western region or those who earn lower wages.(4)The gap in higher wage industries is bigger than in lower wage industries.The industrial segregation between male and female exists.Between-industry wage differential resulted from industrial segregation and within-industry account for 23.9% and 76.1% of total gender wage gap respectively.The gender wage differential within-industry and between-industry are mainly from wage discrimination.(5)The results show that gender wage gap is differences in different region.The total gender wage differential in degree from high to low in the order "the eastern region,the western region,the central region ",while the coefficient effect in theeastern region is the highest level,the central region is at the middle level,the western region is the lowest level.These results indicate that it provide workers with higher wages at the same time improves the unreasonable wage differentials. The gender discrimination in high degree of marketization level and trade liberalization developed areas is higher than less developed areas.The gender wage differentials are mainly from within-region,while the contribution rate of regional is negative,indicating that the scattered distribution of migrant workers employment is beneficial to reduce gender wage differential.(6)The paper shows that the unobservable factors are not same as the wage discrimination,while the decomposition results can explain that it is more obvious and exists at the least.Based on the above analysis results,the paper clarifies the causes of the gender wage differentials and the policy guidance to eliminate the gender discrimination.Finally the paper proposes that the government as a founder and sustainer of the macro environment of gender equality, the employers and employees should eliminate the discrimination of gender wage gap in the form of three-way joint.