Research Of Ecological Compensation Standard For Poyang Lake Wetland Based On Ecosystem Service Function And Farmers’ Willingness

On December 12th, 2009, the state council formally approved "Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone Planning", which means that Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone has turned into a national strategy. In June 2014, Jiangxi province was included in the National Ecological Civilization Antecedence Demonstration Area. Meanwhile, Jiangxi province proposed a series of slogans and measures. These are inseparable from the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone, therefore, Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone has an extremely important role in Jiangxi Economic Development. With the rapid economic development of China, environmental pollution, such as air pollution, is becoming more and more serious. Wetland is known as the source of fresh water, and is the "kidney of the earth. Wetland is ecosystem, which has the rich biological diversity and productivity, and it possesses flood storage, climate regulation, biodiversity conservation and other important ecological functions. Meanwhile, it also plays an irreplaceable role in the survival development of human. Poyang Lake Wetland is an important part of Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone, which is China’s largest freshwater lake wetland, and it is also the first batch region included in the "National Important Wetland List". Poyang Lake wetland area is 313,000 hectares, which has important scientific value and typical exemplary to maintain its regional ecological balance and global biodiversity, and to promote the coordinated development of regional nature and social economy.However, since the 20th century, with the rapid population growth and the accelerating process of industrialization, global wetland ecosystems showed a sharp deterioration of the situation. UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) noted that the global wetland degradation and loss of speed have been far more than any other type of ecosystem. Similarly, Poyang Lake Wetland area has also been greatly reduced by artificial cultivation, and the cumulative reclamation area is 1,301 km2. Although at present the government increases the regulation of Poyang Lake Wetland, yet due to the excessive use of Poyang Lake Wetland resources leads to the deterioration of the environment and the declining of biodiversity. Some rare aquatic animals, such as the white-flag dolphin and the porpoise, are nearly extinct, and wetland ecological system is fragile, and meanwhile wetland also has not been a fundamental change of the current situation. Management, protection and restoration of Poyang Lake Wetland are still the main content of ecological engineering of the National and Local government. "Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone Planning" put Poyang Lake Wetland as a pilot demonstration object of the national ecological protection areas, and put the establishment of Poyang Lake Wetland ecological compensation system as one of the key work of the reform of the eco-economic zone system and mechanism. However, the work faces many theoretical and practical problems, which lead to have no substantive progress of Poyang Lake Wetland ecological compensation mechanism.This article attempts to make a certain contribution for the construction of Poyang Lake Wetland ecological compensation mechanism from the perspective of ecosystem service function and farmers’willingness. Specific studies are as follows. First of all, this article adopts some methods, shadow engineering price method and market price method, to analyze and evaluate the ecological value of Poyang Lake Wetland from the perspective of the ecosystem services value. Calculating the ecosystem service function value of Poyang Lake Wetland is ￥36.56 billion per year. The value of the "Flood storage" and "waste disposal" are higher than others, and are ￥159.53 billion and ￥10.12 billion per year respectively. Further calculate Poyang Lake Wetland distribution area of 12 counties (city, district) wetland ecosystem service function value. The ecosystem function value of Section Ⅰ (Poyang, Duchang and Yugan) is the largest, which is not less than ￥3.5 billion per year. The ecosystem function value of Section Ⅱ (Nanchang, Xingzi, Xinjian and Jinxian) remains between ￥2 billion and ￥3.5 billion per year. The ecosystem function value of section Ⅲ (Yongxiu, Hukou, Lushan, Gongqing and Dean) ecosystem function value relative is the lowest, which is less than ￥1 billion per year. Secondly, this study examines the determinants of farmers’willingness to pay (WTP) and their payment levels for ecological compensation of the Poyang Lake Wetland in China. The contingent valuation method (CVM) and Heckman’s two-step model were employed for the empirical study. Results show that 46.49% of farmers are willing to pay ecological compensation, with an average price of ￥402.57/household per year. The influencing factors that significantly influence farmers’WTP include source of household income, residential location, emphasis on improvement of wetland resources and arable land area. In addition, household income, residential location, arable land area, and contracted water area are significantly related to their payment levels. Thirdly, this study examines the determinants of farmers’ willingness to accept (WTA) for ecological compensation of the Poyang Lake Wetland in China. The contingent valuation method (CVM) and Ordinal Logistic model were employed for the empirical study. Results show that 88.93% of farmers are willing to accept ecological compensation, with an average price of ￥5,531.08/household per year. The influencing factors that significantly influence farmers’WTA include education years, number of family members, source of household income, residential location, arable land area, and contracted water area. Fourthly, the study put Poyang Lake Wetland as the specific research object, starting from the ecosystem services value and combined with farmers intend (payment and repayment of intention) and regional economic development level, and construct the internal and external compensation model of Poyang Lake Wetland ecological compensation research unit, and measure the external and internal standards of Poyang Lake Wetland ecological compensation. The calculation results obtained that the internal compensation of Section Ⅰ (Duchang, Poyang and Yugan) is positive, which is more than ￥4 billion yuan/year; and that the internal compensation of Xingzi, Dean, and Yongxiu which are belonging to Section Ⅱ and Section Ⅲ are positive. In addition, the internal compensation of other research units which are belonging to Section Ⅱ and Section Ⅲ are negative. Meanwhile, according to the calculation results, we can find that the external compensation of Section Ⅰ (Duchang, Poyang and Yugan) is positive, which is more than ￥3 billion yuan/year; and that the external compensation of Xingzi, Dean, and Yongxiu which are belonging to Section Ⅱ and Section Ⅲ are positive. In addition, the external compensation of other research units which are belonging to Section Ⅱ and Section Ⅲ are negative. Finally, we put internal and external compensation standard as an important basis and combine Chapter 5 and chapter 6 research results to analyze and study internal and external compensation subject and compensation mode of Poyang Lake Wetland, meanwhile we put forward some policy suggestions in order to promote the implementation of the ecological compensation standard for Poyang Lake Wetland.