Study On The Urban Macro-differential Land Rent And Its Regulation

The irrationality of resource factors allocation and utilization among regions is the root cause of regional economic disparities. As special factors of production which is locational, immovable and non-renewable, urban land resource plays an important role in regional economic growth. Among all factors of production, land resource form difference of the spacial distribution between regions for its unique geographical features.Meanwhile, because of the different functional investment into land resources, the significant economic difference of land integration with labor, technology, and capital elements comes out, the difference of economic growth in different regions forms at last. This is one of the main causes of regional economic disparities. The economic parameter that reflects the regional differences can be summarized as the concept of macro-differential land rent,the latter meaning is the differential land income which is higher than urban absolutely land rent due to different location, size and function of city. This differential land income is the result of the central government’s regional economic policy and local government’s industrial policy. Therefore, the differential land income should be charged by the central government and local government at a reasonable proportion As a representative of the country and the people, central government shall perform the value ownership of urban land, local government represents the kind ownership of urban land.The performance of realization of these rights, is the charge of macro-differential rent from central government and local government at a reasonable proportion. However, in fact, China’s local government has occupied most of the land differential revene on the whole, even became the main source of local revenue. The central government’s share of the land revenue is negligible. So the following result is produced:(1)Because of local fiscal revenues over-reliance on land sale,land and housing prices are high;(2)The irrationality of local government’s land occupation cause the excessive urban land reserve and waste of land use;(3) The low efficiency of urban land use caused by the irregularities of urban land allocation and "leasehold";(4)Farmers’ interests are infringed owing to unfair and unreasonable rural land expropriation compensation; These problems arouses widespread ponder:huge differences arising from urban land use-the macro-differential land rent, What is the nature and status of an economic phenomenon? How to properly allocate these differential revenue to make it a policy tool of adjusting the regional economic disparities? Follow this thinking, the paper comprehensive studies macro-differential land rent and regulation in China’s urban land use. Researcn objectives of this paper are:Improve theoretical system of urban macro-differential land rent and its regulation on the basis of existing studies; Through the use of panel data and spatial econometric model,establish urban macro-differential rent mathematical model, the urban spatial spillover estimate model, the relationship model between urban macro-differential land rent and urban spatial spillover, the relationship model between urban macro-differential land rent and regional economic disparities. Make in-depth analysis of the development and changes of China’s urban macro-differential land rent during2001-2011, analysis factors of macro-differential land rent, And to propose policy thinking of reducing regional economic disparities from the perspective of the relationship between urban macro-differential land rent and regional economic gap.To achieve the objectives of the study, this paper focuses on the following content through eight chapters:(1)Systematically summarizes concept and classification of urban macro-differential land rent, in-depth analysis factors of urban macro-differential land rent and its functional principle of effect on regional economic disparities.(2)Construct a mathematical model of urban macro-differential land rent,make a in-depth analysis of the development and changes of China’s urban macro-differential land rent.(3)Study the effects that urban spacial spillover imposes on urban macro-differential land rent by using spatial econometric models and panel data models.(4)Build the relationship model of urban and regional macro-economic gap differential rent, in-depth analysis the impact of urban macro-differential land rent imposes on regional economic disparities.(5)Use the theory of urban macro-differential land rent and its regulation, find a way to reduce regional economic disparities, and make it as a policy thinking of narrowing regional economic gap.Through these studies, the main conclusions drawn in this article are:(1)The form factors of urban macro-differential land rent includes the general factors, institutional factors and urban space spillovers, these factors plays the role of strengthening regional economic disparities in the process of prompting macro-differential and rent’s formation.(2)Using the constructed model of urban macro-differential land rent, to measure the value of urban macro-differential land rent and locational rent,scale rent and functional ent included inside of China’s monitoring city. Verify the promoting effect of factors imposes on the formation of urban macro-differential land rent. The conclusions are: China’s urban macro-differential land rent and locational rent, scale rent and functional rent included rent shows a rising trend recently; The level of urban macro-differential land rent which has a good location,large scale and powerful function is high, the level of urban macro-differential land rent which has a bad location, small scale and weak function is low; The macro-locational differential land rent of eastern city is higher than middle and west city, the macro-scale differential land rent of the metropolitan is higher than medium-sized city and small city, the macro-functional differential rent of first class city is higher than the second class and the third class.(3)Based on the study of relationship between urban macro-differential land rent and surrounding urban spatial spillover effects within China’s monitoring system, the conclusion is the spillover effects have a positive role in promoting the urban macro-differential land rent. This is the reason that led to the differences of land revenue around the city, it also causes that a regional economic disparity gap becoming serious. However, compared with urban locational factors, urban scale factors and factors of urban functions, the positive role of urban spatial spillover effectts imposed on the urban macro-differential land rent is smaller. However, with the growing urban economy and closer economic ties between cities, urban spatial spillover effects will gradually increase and promote urban macro-differential land rent is also showing gradual upward trend, despite rising slowly.(4)The empirical results show that:The gap between urban macro-differential land rent increases will lead to the expansion of regional economic disparities, the gap between macro-differential land rent decreases will lead to the reduction of regional economic disparities. Therefore, if the gap of macro-differential land rent between behind city and sophisticated is reduced, we can achieve the purpose of reducing regional economic disparities.(5)Based on the results that urban macro-differential land rent and the regional economic disparities change in the same direction, the proposed regulation policy conclusion is:To implement requisition system of macro-differential land rent, improve efficiency and utilization of urban land, reform management system of rural and urban land. The former can be implemented and planned by macro-differential land rent adjustment tax and macro-differential land rent grade division. The latter two should be strengthened macro guidance by the central government, local governments should improve land management level, improve urban and rural land management mechanisms so as to promote comprehensively urban and rural land use efficiency.The main innovations of this paper are:(1)To further improve the theory of urban macro-differential land rentUrban macro-differential land rent is a product of our peculiar characteristics of the land system, foreign has no relevant research in this field. The domestic scholar’s current study focused on the concept and the content of it,the collect right who has, there is a little researchment on the factors of macro-differential land rent, estimation of macro-differential land rent and the relationship between urban spatial overflows and macro-differential land rent.In this paper, the theory of macro-differential land rent improves in.①DNotes that the factors affecting the urban macro-differential land rent contain general causes,manage institutional factors and factors of urban spacial spillovers, enrich the theoretical foundation of urban macro-differential land rent.②Completes the calculation of macro-differential land rent and locational rent,scale rent,functional rent included and forms its variation theory.③Build a relationship model of urban spacial spillover effects and urban macro-differential land rent, concludes that urban spillover effects has a a positive role in promoting macro-differential land rent.(2)Create a relationship model of urban macro-differential land rent and regional economic gapCurrently, there is no related research from the perspective of relationship between urban macro-differential land rent and regional economic gap. This paper studies the effect that urban macro-differential land rent imposed on regional economic disparities, by establishing the relationship model of urban macro-differential land rent and regional economic gap, results and conclusions of analysis are:urban macro-differential land rent including locational rent, scale rent and functional rent are having a positive role in promoting regional economic disparities, these are:The gap between urban macro-differential land rent increases will make regional economic disparities expand,the gap between urban macro-differential land decreases will narrow the regional economic gap-(3)Enrich the policy ideas of narrowing the regional economic gapThis paper attempts to provide a policy thinking of narrowing regional economic gap from the perspective of urban macro-differential land rent and its regulation, points out that urban macro-differential land rent can curb the expansion of regional economic gap due to the uneven allocation and use of land resources to some extent. Proposed two specific collection methods of urban macro-differential land rent——urban macro-differential land rent tax and the division of macro-differential land rent, and proposes concrete steps and levy collection methods. The central government obtains a part of developed region’s land which is caused by the non-market factors, then allocates this land revenues to behind region by the collection and redistribution of macro-differential land rent. The aim is not simply to transfer wealth between different regions, it is more important to ensure different regions compete in a fair system and markets, so as to help enhance the behind areas government’s economic development initiativ.Meanwhile, it is necessary to reform urban and rural land management system, to improve the efficiency of urban land development, to implement the macro-differential land rent system measures.In short, the process of urbanization will be a long process before our goal of modernization in the middle of this century. Urban location, different efficiency of land use and cumulative causation effect will make the macro-differential land rent be a long-term exist phenomenon, In this regard, study its nature, the changes law and the impact on regional economic disparities, to explore its reasonable adjustment policy are long-term research tasks in academic. Based on research done, this paper continues to focus on dynamic of theory and practice, constantly study in depth, to make theoretical contributions for the rational use and allocation of China’s land resource.