| ObjectiveLeukorrheal diseases as a name of disease of traditonal chinese medicine, is a familiar and multiple disease. Epidemiological investigation found that married women of child-bearing age have prevalence of30.69%, if the treatment at the time less than halfway, recurrent attacks, lasting long period, or aggravation, can cause a lump in the abdomen, or infertility, seriously affected the physical and mental health of women. Traditional Chinese medicine has been having an understanding about the disease for a long time, and the past dynasties Chinese medical literature contains a lot of valuable experience of treatment with this disease, which remains to be excavated. This article starting with the past dynasties literature, explore the name origins of leukorrheal diseases, the change of etiology and pathogenesis in history. The objective of this article is to find out the historical distribution of the treatment based on syndrome differentiation of leukorrheal diseases in past dynasties literature, to grasp the whole principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment of this disesse in various historical periods, to lay the foundation for the future study, to discusse the laws of compatibility of this disease, and to collecte documentation about leukorrheal diseases. Because of their large number, abundant in content, this study can reflect the characteristics of past dynasties Chinese medicine in the treatment of this disease. To analyze the drugs and the prescription regularity with statistical method.Methods1Research on past dynasties literature Take the existing works between1911and The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic as the objects, and check The Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Medicine to find out the names and sources of the books, then compile a catalog for searching. The books used in this research are mainly from the library of our school(Guangzhou University of Tradtional Chinese Medicine), or secondly bought by funds. If there is no printed version, Chinese Medical Code will be used to search the electronic versions. With the method of "Differentiation of academic, study of microscopic origin", this article collectes the past dynasties literature, and systematically sums up with define of this disease, clinical features, areas of disease, pathogenesis, differentiation of treatment and prescription."Differentiation of academic, study of microscopic origin" is the core ideology of bibliography proposed by Zhang Xuecheng in Qing dynasty. To analyze these words, diferentiation of academic can be achieved by category, style, foreword and abstract which can also achieved the study of microscopic origin. Exactly, category and style were the main part of ancient directory. Foreword and abstract were the both wings of it. This research just use "category" as the structral unit to collecte and screen the documents. Master documents in a comprehensive manner, broad access, browse through the related parts of the existing books. Understand the literature stratifiedly at the same time, and take a skeptical apporach to regulate and gather the required documentation.2Research on the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatmentThis article is to chose the recipes by using the Grand Dictionary of TCM Presscription as the main search target, and using the resources of library and internet as the secondary methods. Because the first prescription treated leukorrheal diseases was seen in Synopsis of Golden Chamber in the Han dynasty, so the range of collection of prescriptions is from the Eastern Han dynasty (about ad200) to the revolution of1911. This research collects and selectes the prescriptions to establishes the database and carries out the frequency analysis with EXCEL, and carries out the cluster analysis with world recognized authority software "SPSS19.0".Results1Research on past dynasties literature1.1Name of disease(1)"Dai Xia" were first found in Yellow Emperor's internal classic. Early doctors considered those words as the position, not the illness. With the emergence of narrowly leukorrhea, there were some doctors who thought that those words as a narrowly leukorrhea. Since then "Dai Xia" gradually transformed into a synonym for gynecological diseases.(2)Leukorrhea had been pulled into the disease category since the Eastern Han dynasty. At this period, the division of this disease areas had not been perfect, so Leukorrhea and uterine bleeding often appeared at the same time in early books, but the later doctors had begun to discusse them separately since the emerging of the theory of clolured vaginal discharge. Due to the vague with conceptual, there were other different description about leukorrhea. Just like the Wo, Chibaizhi, Xiabaiwu, Wubeng, Louxiachibai, Li, Xiachibai, Xiacangzhi and so on. The general leukorrhea was first seen in Sheng Nong's herbal classic.(3)The narrowly leukorrhea was first seen in the Sui dynasty in General Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases. And the syndrome of five colours was proposed. The general and narrowly leukorrhea were always using in history, and the using of narrowly leukorrhea was increasing along with the emerging of the theory of coloured vaginal discharge. The emerging of Beiji Qianjin Yao Fang in Tang dynasty marked that the understanding on putting "Dai Xia" as the pathology one has been consolidated and deepened by people in this period. Doctors in the Song dynasty started to clearly defined areas with metrorrhagia and metrostaxis.(4) During the Ming and Qing dynasties, narrowly leukorrhea has been widely used. What is more,some doctors also subdivided it, just like the physiologic, pathologic and coloured vaginal discharge. Early classics were often mixed up spermatorrhjea and white stranguria with leukorrheal diseases, and always used the same therapy. Since the Qing dynasty, doctors came to realize the similarities and differences between them.1.2Etiology(1)Before the Song dynasty, physician considered that wind was the main cause of leukorrheal diseases, and advocated that the wind and cold in the collaterals of the uterus result in this disease.(2) Doctors in Jin and Yuan dynasties periods have had a larger breakthrough on the theory of the cause, Liu Wansu proposed that damp-heat is the major cause of this disease. Later Zhang Zihe, Li Gao, Zhang Jiegu, Wang Shishan et al also argue from the damp.(3) Zhu Danxi proposted sputum on the wet, and paid attention to the effect of seven emotions and internal injuries.(4)In the Ming dynasty, doctors considered dampness is still the cause of leukorrheal diseases as the lead, but someone thought that cold pathogen can also cause this disease and began to pay attention to the influence caused by the factors of living.(5)Doctors considered a more comprehensive about the cause in the Qing dynasty, including wet, cold, phlegm, blood stasis, seven emotions and internal injuries, life factors and physical environment. They gradually formed a damp-led sysytem of etiology on leukorrheal diseases.1.3PathogenesisThe exposition on pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine began in Yellow Emperor's internal classic, but the exposition was not exhaustive. To the Jin and Yuan dynasties the expotition was extended, and improved in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Total pathogenesis can be summarized as injury of Conception Channel, Chong Channel, Governor Channel, Belt Channel and zang-dysfunctional.(1) Chong, Ren and Du injuryUnder the influence of the theory of "Ren, junction seven hernia within the man, woman with a lump in the abdomen and accumulation", before the Tang dynasty most physicians attributed the pathogenesis to Ren. This theory was extended by Zhang Zihe in Jin and Yuan dynasties. He thought that Tai mai constraint all the pulses, and meet Chong, Ren and Du, stagnated heat effects of spills, with pulse leakage down both. To the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties, people thought that Chong, Ren and Du injury may result in this disease.(2) Zang-dysfunctionalZang-Fu dysfunctional as pathogenesis of the disease began in the Ming dynasty, Mainly in the liver, spleen, kidney. Ming Xue Lizhai advocated spleen and stomach injuries, wet and phlegm, Miao Zhongchun primaried liver-Qi stagnation with spleen deficiency. Zhao Xianke primaried kidney deficiency. According to the research on ancient literature, pathogenesis of Zang-Fu organs function in patients with leukorrheal diseases include:deficiency of the spleen, deficiency of the kidney, deficiency of the spleen and kidney, excess of liver-qi, stagnation of liver-qi with deficiency of the spleen, liver and kidney Yin deficiency, damp invasion of lower energizer.1.3Treatment based on syndrome differentiation(1)Formation of dialectical systemAlthough doctors had an exposition of leukorrheal diseases before Sui and Tang dynasties, but they had not yet formed a syndrome differentiation system. The theory that coloured vaginal discharge belong to the five internal organs was firest proposed in Sui dynasty. From then on, that theory impacted the later doctors profoundly. The syndrome differentiation system of cold, heat, deficiency and excess had not came out until the Ming dynasty, as represented by Huangfu Zhong. Finally, the doctors formed a relatively complete system of syndrome differentiation, as represented by Fu Qingzhu in Qing.(2)Pulse methodThe pulse research on leukorrheal diseases began during the Western Jin dynasty. Later physicians advocated delayed and smooth pulse are favourable prognosis for this disease, but repid and racing pulse are unfavourable. Since Li Shizhen in Ming dynasty, later doctors almost considered micro pulse is the main pulse of this disease, and complemented with visible solid pulse, irregular pulse, floating veins and hollow pulse.(3)Internal treatmentIn the Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing proposed the prescription treated leukorrheal diseases at first, but not mention the method of treatment.During the Jin and Yuan dynasties, Liu Wansu advocated eliminating dampness and heat, and questioned the secular medical opinion that leucorrhea is caused by cold, againsted using herb of acrid and warm nature. Zhang Zihe was good at purgation, but in attacking the evil, he also emphasised on protecting stomach Qi, promoting diet tonic at the same time. Li dongyuan advocated the use of supplements and rise, used the warming and invigorating medium-sized Coke applied to the spleen and stomach, sending up the Yang, complemented by clearing away Yin fire as the general principles. In promoting Yang of medicine, he mostly used radic bupleurum, cimicifuga foetida; and used radix scutellariae, phellodendron and so on to clearing away Yin fire; applied a lot of humoral drugs to medium-sized Coke to supplement Yang Qi of spleen and stomach; then restore their function to get to the root. Zhu danxi advocated eliminating dampness, and combined with eliminating phlegm, reducing heat, fire, relieving depression, delay reduction, solid astringent and Yi-Qi-rise, and other therapies, from multiple angles to treat this disease, enriched and developed the method of treatment.The doctors represented by Xue Lizhai, Wang Kentang, Wan Quan in Ming dynasty, advocated tonifying the spleen and stomach, lift the Yang. Gong Tingxian advocated the principle of clearing the upon part and replenishing the lower part. Clearing the upon part is to resolve phlegm and remove dampness. Replenishing the lower part is to warm and recuperate kidney. And recommend the drugs taboo——non-drug at dry and hot. Xu Chunpu proposed methods should be established in accordance with progression in the treatment, early disease should be regulating spleen and stomach condition, clearing away heat and eliminating dampness, long illness should be dominated by tonic rose.The Qing dynasty represented by Fu Qingzhu's, using color treatment, by strengthening the spleen and replenishing Qi, rising sun dehumidification for white leucorrhea; clearing liver and treating dampness for green leucorrhea; fill Ren, purging fire of kidney for yellow leucorrhea; purging fire, removing dampness for black leucorrhea; removing heat from liver and supporting spleen, nourishing blood for red leucorrhea. Bao Xiangao, Guo Chengxun claimed that tonify the spleen and the kidney. Li Yongcui proposed distinguish between severity and treatment of dampness-heat. Luo Guogang advocated for soothing liver and strengthening spleen. Ye Tian-Shi advocated that nourish Yin.(4)External treatmentExternal treatment of leukorrheal diseases included using medicine in vaginal, washout, steam bath and external application. The herbal medicines used above always have the functions including removing dampness, relieving itching and destroying parasties, warming and invigorating kidney-Yang.(5) Acupuncture and moxibustion therapyAcupuncture and moxibustion therapy had been used to deal with leukorrheal diseases since Yuan dynasty. Doctors through the ages mostly selected points from the bladder channel of foot-taiyang and jen mai, followed by spleen channel of foot-taiyin, stomach channel of foot-yangming, gall channel of foot-shaoyang. In general doctors in the past more selected the points of bladder channel of foot-taiyang as follow: Shenshu, Hsiao Chang Shu, Shangliao, Ci Liao, Zhongliao. The points of jen mai as follow:Qu Gu, Chung Chi,Guan yuan, Chi Hai, Yin Chiao. The points of spleen, stomach, gall as follow:Chong Men, Chi Chung, Tai Mai, Wu Shu.2Research on the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment2.1Before Song dynastyBefore Song dynasty, involving a total of44kinds of drug use, total use frequency (time) is70times, each prescription used11drugs at average, each drug had been used1.59times. There are13kinds of drugs with use frequency≥2times, totaly appear33times, total accounted for55.71%. Top13high-frequency drugs have in turn appears:radix et rhizoma rhei, radix glycyrrhizae, radix angelicae sinensis, radix paeoniae alba, carapax trionycis, rhizoma chuanxiong, phizoma aingiberis, radix scutellariae, carapax et plastrum testudinis, pericarpium zanthoxyli, rhizoma coptidis, eupolyphaga seu steleophaga, fructus evodiae. Arrange the top five, relatively high frequency of drugs such as:replenishing drug(32.86%), interior-warming drug(12.86%), heat-clearing drug(11.43%), inv igorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug (11.43%), purgatives drug (10%). It can be seen that replenishing drug, interior-warming drug are the main drug, and heat-clearing drug, invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug, purgatives drug are also took into account. Replenishing drug mainly for replenishing qi and blood. The cold drugs are mainly used, and the proportion amounted to36.36%, and supplemented by humoral and mild. Bitter and sweet are the mail medicinal odour, each accounts for29.41%, two cumulative frequency up to58.82%. Channel tropisms are mainly liver (19.64%), spleen (16.07%), both frequencies that are similar to, and then converted to heart (13.39%), kidney (13.39%).Cluster:Cl:radix et rhizoma rhei, rhizoma coptidis, radix scutellariae.C2:radix angelicae sinensis, rhizoma chuanxiong, carapax trionycis, carapax et plastrum testudinis, radix paeoniae alba, eupolyphaga seu steleophaga.C3:phizoma aingiberis, pericarpium zanthoxyli, fructus evodiae, radix glycyrrhizae.2.2Song dynastyIn Song dynasty, involving a total of205kinds of drug use, total use frequency (time) is1783times, each prescription used9drugs at average, each drug had been used8.70times. There are139kinds of drugs with use frequency≥2times, totaly appear1717times, total accounted for96.30%. Top13high-frequency drugs have in turn appears:radix angelicae sinensis, radix paeoniae alba, radix aconiti lateralis preparata, radix rehmanniae preparata, rhizoma chuanxiong, cortex cinnamomi, halloysitum rubrum, phizoma aingiberis, folium artemisiae argyi, colla corii asini, os draconis, limonitum, poria. Arrange the top five, relatively high frequency of drugs such as: replenishing drug (28.04%), interior-warming drug (13.18%), hemostatic drug (10.99%), astringent medicine (8.08%), invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug (7.91%), the first5species drug in medication in the accounted for68.2%, It can be seen that replenishing drug is the main drug class, and interior-warming drug, hemostatic drug, astringent medicine, invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug are also took into account. Replenishing drug mainly for replenishing qi and blood. Drug with humoral, up to40.49%, while accompanied by cold and mild. Bitter and acrid are the mail medicinal odour, the proportion of the former29.85%,28.62%per cent of the latter, two cumulative frequency up to58.46%. Channel tropisms are mainly liver (22.84%), besides the stomach (14.4%), spleen (13.58%), kidney (12.76%).Cluster:Cl:radix rehmanniae preparata, radix rehmanniae, cornu cervipantotrichum, colla corii asini, endoconcha sepiae, concha ostreae, os draconis, herba taxilli.C2:radix aconiti lateralis preparata, cortex cinnamomi, phizoma aingiberis, fructus evodiae.C3:radix dipsaci, radix angelicae sinensis, rhizoma chuanxiong, radix aucklandiae, folium artemisiae argyi, pericarpium zanthoxyli, radix angelicae dahuricae.C4:radix paeoniae alba, radix sanguisorbae, cacumen platycladi, rhizoma zingiberis preparata.C5:halloysitum rubrum, limonitum, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae.C6:radix ginseng, radix glycyrrhizae, poria, radix astragali.2.3Jin and Yuan dynasties In Jin and Yuan dynasties, involving a total of136kinds of drug use, total use frequency (time) is430times, each prescription used7drugs at average, each drug had been used3.16times. There are77kinds of drugs with use frequency≥2times, totaly appear368times, total accounted for85.58%. Top13high-frequency drugs have in turn appears:radix angelicae sinensis, radix glycyrrhizae, cortex cinnamomi, pericarpium citri reticulatae, radix aconiti lateralis preparata, radix aucklandiae, radix paeoniae alba, radix bupleuri, phizoma aingiberisphizoma aingiberis, radix astragali, fructus foeniculi, fructus toosendan, rhizoma chuanxiong. Arrange the top five, relatively high frequency of drugs such as:replenishing drug (25.12%), interior-warming drug (14.42%), qi-regulating drug (7.91%), heat-clearing drug (7.67%), diaphoretic drug (7.44%), the first5species drug in medication in the accounted for62.56%, It can be seen that replenishing drug is the main drug class, and interior-warming drug, qi-regulating drug, heat-clearing drug, diaphoretic drug are also took into account. Replenishing drug mainly for replenishing qi and blood. Drug to humoral, up to41.30%, while accompanied by cold and mild. Acrid and bitter are the mail medicinal odour, the proportion of the former30.40%,29.96%of the latter, two cumulative frequency up to60.35%. Channel tropisms are mainly liver (18.4%), besides the kidney (15.13%), spleen (14.24%), stomach (13.65%).Cluster:Cl:fructus evodiae, phizoma aingiberis, cortex cinnamomi, radix aconiti lateralis preparata, fructus foeniculi, flos caryophylli, rhizoma alpiniae officinarum.C2:cortex magnoliae officinalis, pericarpium citri reticulatae, radix aucklandiae, radix angelicae dahuricae, rhizoma cimicifugae.C3:radix bupleuri, radix angelicae sinensis, rhizoma chuanxiong, cortex moutan, rhizoma atractylodis, rhizoma corydalis.C4:radix ginseng, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, poria, radix glycyrrhizae,radix rehmanniae preparata, radix paeoniae alba, radix astragali.C5:cortex phellodendri, radix et rhizoma rhei, radix scutellariae, semen pharbitidis, fructus toosendan。2.4Ming dynastyIn Ming dynasty, involving a total of283kinds of drug use, total use frequency (time) is4939times, each prescription used9drugs at average, each drug had been used17.45times. There are233kinds of drugs with use frequency≥2times, totaly appear4888times, total accounted for98.97%. Top13high-frequency drugs have in turn appears:radix angelicae sinensis, radix paeoniae alba, poria, radix glycyrrhizae, rhizoma chuanxiong, radix rehmanniae preparata, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, radix ginseng, pericarpium citri reticulatae, cortex cinnamomi, rhizoma cyperi, radix astragali, radix aconiti lateralis preparata. Arrange the top five, relatively high frequency of drugs such as:replenishing drug (31.32%), interior-warming drug (8.48%), heat-clearing drug (8.38%), invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug (8.1%), qi-regulating drug (6.96%), the first5species drug in medication in the accounted for63.25%, It can be seen that replenishing drug is the main drug class, and interior-warming drug, heat-clearing drug, invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug, qi-regulating drug are also took into account. Replenishing drug mainly for replenishing qi and blood. Drug to humoral, up to39.58%, while accompanied by cold and mild. Acrid and bitter are the mail medicinal odour, the proportion of the former28.83%,27.25%of the latter, two cumulative frequency up to56.08%. Channel tropisms are mainly liver (21.6%), then second spleen (13.9%), stomach (13.9%), Lung (12.99%), kidney (12.99%).Cluster:Cl:pericarpium citri reticulatae, rhizoma zingberis recens, rhizoma pinelliae, phizoma aingiberis, radix ginseng, radix astragali, radix glycyrrhizae, poria。C2:folium artemisiae argyi, rhizoma atractylodis, rhizoma zingiberis preparata, fructus evodiae, rhizoma chuanxiong, radix bupleuri, radix angelicae sinensis, rhizoma cyperi, radix paeoniae alba。C3:cortex phellodendri, radix scutellariae.C4:rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, halloysitum rubrum, radix aucklandiae。C5:cortex cinnamomi, radix aconiti lateralis preparata。C6:cortex moutan, radix rehmanniae, radix rehmanniae preparata, colla corii asini, os draconis, concha ostreae。2.5Qing dynastyIn Qing dynasty, involving a total of254kinds of drug use, total use frequency (time) is2959times, each prescription used9drugs at average, each drug had been used11.65times. There are186kinds of drugs with use frequency≥2times, totaly appear2890times, total accounted for97.67%. Top13high-frequency drugs have in turn appears:radix angelicae sinensis, poria, radix glycyrrhizae, radix paeoniae alba, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, radix ginseng, rhizoma chuanxiong, radix rehmanniae preparata, pericarpium citri reticulatae, rhizoma cyperi, radix astragali, cortex phellodendri, cortex cinnamomi. Arrange the top five, relatively high frequency of drugs such as:replenishing drug (36.36%), heat-clearing drug (9.4%), damp-clearing drug (7.47%), invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug (6.69%), interior-warming drug (6.32%), the first5species drug in medication in the accounted for66.24%, It can be seen that replenishing drug is the main drug class, and heat-clearing drug, damp-clearing drug, invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis drug, interior-warming drug are also took into account. Replenishing drug mainly for replenishing qi and blood. Drug to humoral and cold, up to71.65%, Btter and acrid are the mail medicinal odour, the proportion of the former29.18%,26.93%of the latter, two cumulative frequency up to56.11%. Channel tropisms are mainly liver (21.67%), then second spleen (14.61%), stomach (13.63%), kidney (12.81%), Lung (12.48%).Cluster:Cl:radix rehmanniae preparata, rhizoma dioscoreae, radix rehmanniae, cortex moutan, poria, cortex cinnamomi, radix aconiti lateralis preparata, os draconis, concha ostreae, cortex eucommiae, rhizoma cyperi.C2:radix ginseng, radix astragali, radix glycyrrhizae, fructus schisandrae chinensis, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, fructus jujubae, radix angelicae sinensis, radix paeoniae alba.C3:cortex phellodendri, radix scutellariae.C4: rhizoma pinelliae, pericarpium citri reticulatae, rhizoma zingberis recens, phizoma aingiberis.C5:rhizoma chuanxiong, radix bupleuri, folium artemisiae argyi, rhizoma atractylodis, radix aucklandiae.Conclusion(1)"Dai Xia" were first found in Yellow Emperor's internal classic. And it had been pulled into the disease category since the Eastern Han dynasty.(2) With the development of, the concept of "Dai Xia" is gradually divided.(3) Generations of doctors proposed different discourses on etiology. Wind, cold and damp are the main causes of leukorrheal diseases. Pathogenesis can be summarized as injury of Conception Channel, Chong Channel, Governor Channel, Belt Channel and zang-dysfunctional.(4) With the development of dynasties, gradually formed a dialectical system, in which deficiency of kidney, deficiency of spleen, liver stagnation are more than others.(5)Doctors in every dynasty had various characteristic in medication. Replenishing drug had been used dominately. Properties of herbal medicine are most in cold, warm, bitter, pungent and sweet. And primarily actived in three channels——liver, spleen and kidney. This charactristic reflects the pathogenesis of this disease.(6) In the medicine combination of statistical clustering, Xiaoyao San and sijunzi decoction are the most representative. This charactristic reflects that the liver and spleen dysfunctional are the basic pathogenesis of this disease, and classical prescription occupied an important position to cure this disease. Combine with the results of cluster analysis in various historical periods, the prescriptions can be concluded as follow:Deficiency of the spleen:radix ginseng, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, poria, radix glycyrrhizae, radix astragali.Deficiency of kidney yang:cortex cinnamomi, radix aconiti lateralis preparata.Deficiency of qi and blood:radix paeoniae alba, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, radix rehmanniae preparata, radix astragali, radix ginseng, radix glycyrrhizae, poria.Phlegm-dampness invasion of lower energizer:pericarpium citri reticulatae, rhizoma zingiberis recens, rhizoma pinelliae, rhizoma zingiberis, radix ginseng, radix astragali, radix glycyrrhizae, poria.Damp invasion of lower energizer:radix et rhizoma rhei, rhizoma coptidis, radix scutellariae.Stagnation of liver-qi with deficiency of the spleen:rhizoma cyperi, rhizoma dioscoreae, poria, radix bupleuri, radix paeoniae alba, radix angelicae sinensis.Deficiency of heart and spleen:radix ginseng, radix astragali, radix glycyrrhizae, fructus schisandrae chinensis, rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae, fructus jujubae, radix angelicae sinensis, radix paeoniae alba. Deficiency of yin-blood:radix angelicae sinensis, rhizoma chuanxiong, carapax trionycis, carapax et plastrum testudinis, radix paeoniae alba.Deficiency of liver and kidney:radix rehmanniae preparata, cornu cervi pantotrichum, concha ostreae, endoconcha sepiae, colla corii asini, herba taxilli, os draconis, radix rehmanniae.
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