Social And Academic: Huang Zong-xi And The Transformation Of Academic History In Ming And Qing

Huang Zong-xi lived in the era of social transformation of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Social politics was in the worst; the academic, however, was at its highest peak. Huang Zong-xi inherited not only the achievement of Chinese ancient academic history of thought, but also discovered the path of social transformation from social enlightenment to academic enlightenment. They can provide the experience for our transformative society.Huang Zong-xi's social role had three stages of "Dang-ren", "You-xia" and "Ru-lin". The movement of society and party, the spirit of hero and academic enlightenment was the sign of the life and the living world. Social role and living world interacted and achieved the great Enlightenment scientist. In the view point of Huang Zong-xi, the nature of Enlightenment is the awareness of the Right, which is the core content of social transformation.Enlightenment is the core context of thought of Huang Zong-xi'. He excited and achieved the wake of the right by enlightenment. The Thoughts of Huang Zong-xi'enlightenment had a development process from social enlightenment to academic enlightenment, which also had the core context of understanding of social power. The social (political) Enlightenment in the early played the role by constructing the political system, for achieving the aim that people was the master, and the right that everyone had the private interest. There also had a process that from rational critique ("Liu-Shu"), cautious sure ("Tai-Cun-Lu") and system construction ("Ming-Yi-Dai-Fang-Lu"). From this process, it was found that he recognized gradually the role of the social power. Thus he can propose the thought of early social enlightenment. However, he had also the theoretical trend that he recognized that the social power was mastered in the hand of schools and intellectuals in this meal time. He paid his main attention, therefore, on the role of schools and intellectuals. From this, we can see that his thought was changing from social enlightenment to academic enlightenment.There existed two main stages of academic enlightenment. Before the "Ming-Ru-Xue-An ", he persisted the academic point of his teacher and Wang Yang-ming and "Jing-you" school. He did not break through the range of the Confucianism of the Song and the Ming Dynasties. However, he did not carry forward the academic point of his teacher. He increased and implemented the political enlightenment by the academic enlightenment. His academic enlightenment at old age did not reduce the spirit of political enlightenment at the early age. Firstly, academic enlightenment based on Huang Zong-xi's Qiology. Secondly, Qiology of Huang Zong-xi had direct influence on the history and the philosophy of real learning in the Ming and Qing. These were the two parts of the early academic enlightenment.Qiology of Huang Zong-xi provided philosophical basis for the philosophy of real learning in the Ming and Qing. The early philosophy of real learning of Huang Zong-xi did not break through the range of the Confucianism of the Song and the Ming dynasties. When he had the new Qiology, however, he thought that the Confucian and school of "Shi-gong" in the Song and the Ming dynasties can not have the real philosophy of real learning. The reasons for that were they could not recognize and play the role of "Qi". However, Huang Zong-xi recognized not only the role of "Qi", but also philosophy of real learning which should be implemented in the movement of "Qi". If it isn't in that case, there was not the true one. Moreover, He thought that the true one had the transcendence of ethics. Based on these, he promoted the transformation of the real learning philosophy in the Ming and Qing from the thought to ideological trend. This was the main development of the early academic enlightenment.Qiology of Huang Zong-xi promoted also the transformation of the history in the Ming and Qing. He investigated the innovation and transcendence of the history on the basis of the new Qiology, and criticized the history of "Tian-li" and "Liang-zhi". Different philosophy resulted different history. The history of "Tian-li" and "Liang-zhi" had the same defect that they did not or would not recognize the independent features and transcendent values. There were also the same the reasons that they did not or would not recognize reality, transcendence, development and value. However, Huang Zong-xi expanded not only the features of history, but also increased and implemented the transcendent values.Qiology of Huang Zong-xi impacted also directly the view of life and literature. The view of life sought the spirit of hero, the literature aimed at the spirit of human life and emotion. Huang Zong-xi was not only the summarist of Academic History in Ming and Qing, but also the pioneer of the early academic enlightenment. Enlightenment of the awareness of right was the nature of the transformation of academic history in Ming and Qing. The inner road was the transformation from the political enlightenment to academic enlightenment.The Social Transformation View of Huang Zong-xi had three significant features. First and the most, academic enlightenment should guided the social enlightenment; secondly, the social transformation should aimed at the achievement of the right for human being; the last point but not the least, intellectuals should had the culture right and aggressive spirits in the society transformation,which were also the valuable experience for the modern transformative society.