Studies Of Anti-smuggling Armed Forces Of Changlu Salt Area In 1912—1928

In the period of Beiyang Government, Changlu salt area was one of the seven important areas producing sea salt in China. Changlu salt was mainly sold in Zhili and both sides of Henan Provinces. Changlu salt system was mainly businessman monopoly and supplemented by official transportation and official marketing system. The drawbacks of businessman monopoly was the main reason why illegal salt became prevalent. Moreover, the burden of heavily taxed salt, high prices of the salt , coupled with the ring was a foreign enemy force, political instability and the people of extreme poverty made Changlu illegal Salt prevalent. Changlu salt smuggling had a long history and they had many kinds. According to the fundamental causes of illegal salt, it can be divided into two kinds. One is "illegal salt within the system", and the other is " illegal salt outside the system " . Illegal and other illegal salt nitrate had a tremendous impact on the officials, and they had a serious impact on Changlu salt tax revenue. In order to curb the illegal salt and increase the salt tax revenue, the Beiyang Government adopted the legal, administrative, and many other means. Among them, and invested in the largest and most rely heavily on anti-smuggling measures is the establishment of Changlu camp. In addition, the salt area also had guards and the salt store had patrols so as to carry on salt smuggling investigation by military means. This is the first chapter.Changlu anti-smuggling camp was based on Changlu salt patrol camp founded in guangxu dynasty three decades. Changlu salt patrol camp was expanded many times from the Beiyang Government and it was a single infantry arms from the late Qing period and it was gradually extended to become gun smuggling Changlu ECM's camp armed infantry, cavalry, patrol river, sea patrol boat. The form of the system was modeled on established Qing Army, but as far as its duties was concerned, the nature belonged to the police and it was the prototype of the modern anti-smuggling police. Volunteer forced on the implementation of military service, but the replacement system was not perfect and it affected the effectiveness of its anti-smuggling to a certain extent. It was divided into a higher level leadership and anti-smuggling operation leadership in leadership system. Among them, in the higher-level system it was of dual leadership, Changlu salt transportation official was responsible for administration and Changlu Salt Branch was responsible for financial auditing system. In seemingly strict leadership structure there existed the actual absence of supervision of some areas and it seriously affected the combat effectiveness of the anti-smuggling operation. In the internal of anti-smuggling operation the head was responsible for the implementation of the anti-smuggling, which brings the "rule of man," a strong sense of other defects. This is the second chapter.Changlu provided funding for anti-smuggling operation mode was divided into two types: camp before step, camp after step, camp left step, camp before the horse, flying ship boat, airship ships, gun boats, river patrol were financed by the ministry of finance and horse share of business funds were donated by the salt merchants of Changlu. Fund management was supervised and controlled by the anti-smuggling operation by the "Loan in the aftermath," creditor representatives Changlu Salt and audit by the audit branch of general supervision and control, and in their supervision, it was gradually regularized and institutionalized. Anti-smuggling soldiers'additional revenue was divided into fix income and extra income and their army needs of main arms and munitions, in room, vessel maintenance, etc were closely monitored by the audit, and the management had gradually developed a more standardized management model and management system, as an important symbol of the anti-smuggling operation into modernization. This is the third chapter.Duties of Changlu anti-smuggling camp were to investigate Changlu salt smuggling , protect the safety of production and marketing and maintain Changlu salt revenue. Therefore, its main activities was to inspect the salt areas of Changlu, sales channels and businessman monopoly security and tracked down illegal salt. The status of the deployment of anti-smuggling camp guards stationed in various regions and locations also affected the effectiveness of its anti-smuggling to some extent. At the beach lump in all channels and lines of salt, their anti-smuggling methods were based mainly on inspections; In the area of the nitrate private property was in the manner of destroying Salt areas and tracking down illegal salt. On the disposal of seized illegal salt and the their accessory things, salt audit headquarters and Changlu audit branch had carried out a constructive reform, separating enforcement powers from the disposition powers of the anti-smuggling camp and effectively reducing its frequency of private salt disposal of corruption on the disposition of illegal salt. This is the fourth chapter.During the operation of Changlu anti-smuggling camp, it was difficult for us to say that military discipline was strict. On camp management, camp officials swallowed their pay, sat on vacancies and they lived corruptively ; they were lack of supervision of abusing the subordinates, and even upside down, shielding blessing; On the aspects of tracking down illegal salt , the guards carried out the law violently, oppressed the good, embezzlement, protected illegal salt and let it alone, went on extreme blackmail, and existed dereliction of duty widespread. There are many institutional factors for the reason, such as its management system, leadership system, replacement system, soldiers structure, etc., but also it was related closely with social background of the Northern Government and it was the combined result of the systems of Changlu anti-smuggling camp, monitoring mechanism of the higher authorities and social conditions. Without the guarantee of good disciplines, it is hard for the anti-smuggling activities of the anti-smuggling camp to live up to the expected result of the Beiyang government. This is the fifth chapter.