Study On The Policy Of Qing Dynasty To Kazak During The Reign Qianlong

The Qing dynasty during the reign Qianlong, was an important period that the policy of Qing dynasty to Kazak formed and established. The policy and measure on Kazak during this period, became the ancestor tradition must be followed when the Qing government dealt with affairs on Kazak. Therefore, we must investigate earnestly and elaborately the cause and effect of the policy of Kazak from it formed, developed, perfected and finalized, in order to understand and grasp thoroughly the connotation of the policy of Qing dynasty to Kazak.This thesis, on the basis of understanding and mastering the former study fruits, by reading and parsing a great deal of historical materials. try to renew and surpass the former study, and discusses the policy of Kazak of Qing dynasty during the reign Qianlong, newly and thoroughly.This thesis uses historical analytical method which is the simplest but need a lot of time to go on, that is, farthest compiles historical materials, arranges and contrasts them, on the basis of a great deal of reading notes, tries hard to return to the historical background to comprehend the policy of Kazak during the reign Qianlong renewedly.This thesis can be divided into six parts.The first part, mainly includes the origin of the topic, estimates and arrange of science history, the scope, collect, and the using of research data, and the frame of this thesis.The second part, makes a deep research on factor of Oirat in the course of the policy of Kazak formed during the reign Qianlong, by discussing the forepart gulf and first contact between Qing dynasty and Kazak.The third part, discusses the problem on Kazak's grazing beyond the mark. Qing dynasty announced Zhungeer ley belonged to Qing dynasty after conquered them, and required Kazak to accept the fact. But the ownership of the ley always encountered Kazak's challenge, at the first ten years of the relation history between Qing dynasty and Kazak. In 1767, Qing dynasty finally adopted a flexible way on the basis of ensuring the benefit of the government and considering Kazak's realistic requirement, allowed Kazak to graze inside the border but outside the block of Qing dynasty, with a centesimal horse taxation. The fourth part, discusses a process of the establishment of northwest frontier defence system of Qing dynasty. With the problem of grazing beyond the mark be resolved and the accomplishment of the build of northwest frontier defence system, the relation between Qing dynasty and Kazak became more and more stable and harmonious.The fifth part, discusses the most important content of the relation history between Qing dynasty and Kazak, that was, the silk and horse trade. It was not only a simple pay tribute trade in order to control Kazak. Kazakhs horse was an unusual and necessary commodity for Qing dynasty. The purpose of Qing dynasty to develop the silk and horse trade with Kazak was to gain what they need each other, mainly pursued the economic interest. To gain a lot of cheap horses for Qing dynasty was a grand strategic significant measure, no matter when she was in the war or after the war. It can not only stabilize border area, but also alleviate its finance burden, more importance, it can get a great deal of return and complementarity.The last part, mainly summarizes the whole thesis, and discusses the basic attitude of Qing dynasty to northwest border, through analyzing the attitude and policy of Qing dynasty to Kazak in the reign Qianlong. The main intention of Qing dynasty to unite Xing Jiang is not to colonize, as those scholars of "New Qing History" in American consider universally, but is to build a stable and dependable barrier for the center areas of Qing dynasty.