Study On The Xinjiang Eight Banners In Qianlong Reign Of Qing Dynasty

Qianlong reign was not only the peak period of the Qing Dynasty,but also the last golden age of Chinese feudal society.One of the evidence was the unify of the western regions,the settlement of Xinjiang garrison and the establishment of the military governing system.Among the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty,Xinjiang garrision was with unique characteristics: the latest establishment and longest lasting in time;the most extensive rulling area;the largest number of the troops;the most complex origins of the compositions;the widest scope in management;the huge impact for the social influence.On the basis of the Manchu and Han languages archives,this thesis tends to research on the topics of the origin,establishment,pattern and management of Xin jiang garrison,to summarizes the characteristics and the influence of it.What is more,the paper tries to understand the key elements such as the people,environment and the system back to the historical scene,and answer the related questions.The thesis composed by six chapters:The Introduction.This chapter introduces the origin of the topic,the academic background,the collection and utilization of the research materials,and the framework as a whole.Chapter One.Started with the origin of Eight Banners system,this chapter focus on the Eight Banners' s strategic interest,aims and objects.To combing the historical events,this research of section related to the Xinjiang garrison during the confrontation between Qing and the Junggar,and the policy design after the war.The evolve of the policy towards Xinjiang varying from the "feudal system","provincial system",to "military governed system(Junfu)" and "double Junfu system".In sum,this chapter aims to analysis the “background” of the Xinjiang garrison.Chapter Two.This chapter talks about the set up and the feature of Xinjiang garrison city.There were ten battalions in Xinjiang garrison city: six Manchu battalions made of Manchus and Mongolians.The other four battalions named after Yili,was composed of the people of Chahar,olot,Xibe and Sauron.Yili battalions and Manchu battalions had the similaradministrative functions,while with distinctive characters involving in ethnic origin,policy,labor output and culture.The differences between the two groups not only had great impact on the Xinjiang garrison system,and also changing the fate of themselves.On the basis of history of Manchu and Yili batalions,this chapter studies on the commonness and personality of the two,by analysis the “ethnic”factor of the garrison city.Chapter Three.The third chapter discusses the formation of eight banners system.The Xinjiang garrison were divided into four part as the compass: Eastern road,western road,southern road and northern road.The differences of the strategies,defense objects,security status were greatly influence on the establishment of the garrison on the regions.During the war Qing dynasty marching the west,the government faced various strategic risks and potential threatens.This parts tries to point out that Junggar,Kazakhstan and Torghut were the three mainly factors impact the set up of Xinjiang garrison: the threat of Junggar was “ the unify of Mongol ";Kazakhstan's threat was “the cross-border invasion”;the risk of Torghut was “the unified of Oirad ”.In order to defense the boarder,the Qing court changed the garrison accordingly,together with the location of grazing and the troops.The problem of“the threat and security” was the key element through the Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns.In this way,this chapter focus on the reasons of the formation of Xinjiang garrison cities,in order to reveal the factor of “location” of the Eight Banner garrison.Chapter Four.This chapter discusses the management of Eight Banners in Xinjiang.Especially the design of Qianlong emperor towards the management of Xinjiang,that was“ one general,two Junfu,four military districts”.This part tends to understand the relationship between management and institutional system,and tries to tell the general situation and feature of Xinjiang garrison system from four topics: military affairs,management of the troops,the logistical support and banner affairs control.Conclusion.The last part tends to summarize four questions.Firstly,the key factor of Xinjiang garrison when related to set up garrison cities and rulling policy was: the attack object was determined by “the strategic threats”;the distribution of the military location was surrounding “the jurisdiction of Junggar”;the core benefits was to achieve “the stability and security”;the means of ruling was according to “easy governing policy”.Secondly,the means of comparative history: the comparison of Xinjiang with Mongol and north easterngarrison,and the comparison of Xinjiang with the relationship between provincial eight banner garrisons and lv ying armies.Thirdly,based on several “turmoils” in the modern history of Xinjiang,the paper tries to evaluated the effects of the Xinjiang garrison as in the context of maintain the stability of Xinjiang region.Last but not least,the paper tends to analysis the pros and cons,the historical limitation and the destiny of Xinjiang garrison in the picture of the situation domesticly and abroad since the late Qing period,and the inevitable fate that Xinjiang became provincially in the last days of Qing dynasty.