Qing Qianlong To Strengthen "national Language" Legal Protection

Nurhachi ordered Erdeni and Karma to create the old Manchurian in February 1599 and Mongolian characters produced some use for reference. Huang Taiji asked Da Hai to improve Manchurian in 1632. Then in the development and construction of national culture, Manchu achieved a number of historic breakthroughs. As a minority nationality who had succeeded in establishing a central authority of our country, it is a core issue to maintain national identity in the place full of Han ethnic group. Huang Taiji established Manchu as the "national language" of Qing Dynasty. Throughout the Qing dynasty, Manchu was used commonly, from issuing the imperial edict of emphasizing the importance of Manchu, to implementing the decree through the official working system, to the appointment and appraisal system of officials, as well as the Manchu school system and translation examinations for banner. All of these illustrated the efforts of emperor of the Qing dynasty to protect the Manchu language by national power.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1736—1796), the comprehensive national strength of Qing Dynasty is second to none in the world, which is later called "Flourishing Age" period. In a number of the Qing Dynasty emperors, Emperor Qianlong is undoubtedly a very great one who emphasized the importance of keeping national identity and national traditions. He insisted adhering to the basic national policy of "Manchu-based" and protecting the national identity of Manchu through institutional measures. Because the former emperors of Qing dynasty encouraged people to learn Chinese, so the Manchu people gradually were not familiar with their own nation's "national language". To the late Qianlong, there was a serious crisis in using of "national language".Qianlong took a series of enhancement measures to maintain the status of the Manchu, with particular emphasis on the Eight Banners officials and their children. These measures did bring a positive effect of national identity of Mandarin, lots of speakers, school education and translation exam, as well as stopping the decline of Mandarin in a wide range. In the course of history, there were so much experience and lessons to learn for the future generations. These experience and lessons are precious Chinese cultural heritage and an important part of protection works, not just for the Manchu people, but also for the Han Chinese and other nations. Today, the conduction of national legal system is a continuation of Chinese history, Chinese national law research can not just focus on the response of "current issues", but should dig deeper into coordination and balance of interests among different ethnic groups on specific issues.This paper is divided into four chapters.Preface is mainly on the background, research significance, research status and research methods. As the opening, it is common to introduce the theoretical and practical significance, the current status of academic research. The research methods also need to be refined.Chapter one is "the conception and problem of "national language" in Qing Dynasty, is divided into three sections. Section I, clarify the concept of "national language" of Qing Dynasty and its relations with other related concepts, the special status and the condition of using of "national language" in Qing Dynasty. Section II, from the perspective of historical development, describes the development process of national language. Section III, the meaning of legal protection Qianlong strengthen the "national language" The second chapter is in the military and political aspects Qianlong to strengthen the legal protection of "national language", which is the main part of this article. Section I, edict issued repeated, emphasizing the importance of national language's protection. Section II, Eight Banners the strengthening of using the "national language" in Qianlong. Section III, the enhancement of the official in use of the "national language" in Qianlong.The third chapter is in the cultural and educational aspects of Qianlong strengthen the legal protection of "national language", that part is the body of this article. Section I, through the schools to strengthen the education of "national language". Section II, the development of translation examinations. Section III, the other measures to strengthen the national language's protection.The four chapter is the reasons of Qianlong to strengthen "national language" and evaluation of legal protection. Section I, Qianlong to strengthen the main reasons of "national language" legal protection.Section II, discusses the achievements of legal protection of "national language". Section III, analyses the problems of national language's legal protection.At last, some conclusions were drawn:such as in the process of governance, first, multi-ethnic country should keep the intergrowth of different national languages.second, through an effective system to protect the particular national language by Qing Dynasty is worth learning.third, language is an important part of national culture, the complex balance of interests behind the protection of different ethnic languages is very important of Chinese culture.