Reasons Of The Size Of The Jinchuan Qing Difficult To Overcome

Two Jinchuan wars in Qianlong period were both time-consuming, fierce fighting and costly, which had tremendous impact on the Qing Dynasty and later generations. Some scholars thought that the wars were more harm than good. Other scholars treated the wars as the sign of the Qing Dynasty declining from the golden age. Thus, issues about two Jinchuan wars have never been an unfamiliar question because many people have been studied questions of two Jinchuan wars since the Qing Dynasty. However, scholars have mainly focused on depicting the processes and results of two Jinchuan campains, and discussing the nature ,impaction or other issues of two Jinchuan wars from the standpoint of the Qing court basing on offical books, such as Qing Gaozong Record, Pacification Strategy of Jinchuan, Pacification Strategy of Two Jinchuan, etc., and a small amount of local records for a long time. For the reason that, there is no scholars specifically research the issue that why it is so difficult for the Qing army to defeat the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan, even if some people occassionally involved this issue, but in general terms.In view of this, the thesis trys to use a research method of combination of documents and field research to explore the objective and subjective reasons for the Qing military to capture the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan with great difficult. In other words, we intend to make a great effort to explore the multiple causes of the Qing military being difficult to capture the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan by using some relevant official books as an orientation, taking Jinchuan Archives, Copies of the Grand Council Deputy Memorials, Palace Zhupi Memorials, Palace Memorials of Qianlong Period, Qing Hailancha's Manchu and Chinese Memorials Collection Assembly, and so on , as the research foundation, and combining with field survey materials. In terms of the objective factors, Jinchuan region's dangerous terrain, rugged war watchtower, bad weather and sturdy warriors who determined to fight to the death in the end with one heart brought great obstructions for Qing army's military transport and fighting process, and made tens of thousands of or even hundreds of thousands of Qing soldiers be caught into a long-term dilemma. In terms of subjective factors, firstly, the Qianlong emperor rushed to send troops when he did not know much about the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan, and every time before sending troops he seriously underestimated the difficulty of the coming war, as a result, these mistakes did not only bring enormous pressure on the Qing military's transport logistics, but also a direct impact on the the efficiency of the Qing military's attacking operations in the beginning of the war; secondly, generals and other middle-level military commanders made many wrong decisions, and they did not united with one heart, and then these mistakes did not only affects the morale, but also seriously hindered the course of the two Jinchuan wars; finally, the Qing green flag Commanders and soldiers who were as the main force of the Qing army cowardly feared to fight and they were lack of discipline, meanwhile many Tusi's soldiers who were as the supplementary force of the Qing army were useless in the war, all these unfavorable factors made a large-scale Qing army be defeated again and again, or even collapse without figthting.From above analysis that what are the subjective and objective reasons for the Qing army difficultly to conquest the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan, we can see that people of Jinchuan were able to resist the Qing court's large-scale troops , which really depended on that they took advantage of the terrain, climate, and they were good at mountain war, by contrast, the Qing army had a large number of soldiers, military food, army wages, and plenty of weapons, but also was limited by the combat areas'complex, bad environment, making them difficult to vanquish rapidly, at the same time, the qianlong emperor's and the army generals'mistakes, and soldiers'cowardice and fearing of conducting military operations, all of these were detrimental to the Qing army to effectively launch military actions, preventing the war process. It was the interaction of these subjective and objective factors, making the Qing army difficult to capture the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan.On the basis of analysis of those subjective and objective reasons for the Qing army difficultly to defeat the Big Jinchuan and the Small Jinchuan, we also find that there are some deep-seated pronlems hiding behind the two Jinchuan wars. Firstly, the result of the outbreak of the first Jinchuan war is that the Qing court and the Bing Jinchuan Tuse difficultly to reconcile the contradition on the problem that how to treat the Tuses'turf issues. Secondly, the two waring sides had totally different concept of the very war. Thirdly, in the first Jinchuan war, the Qing military was frustrated here and there that actually exposed the state apparatus'abuses. Finally, The Qing army could win the second Jinchuan war that reflected the state machinery having strong adaptability and operational efficiency.