Study Of The Northern Warlords Government Office For The Capital Police

As the Qing government's political center, traditional urban social order of Beijing already began to change after entering modern, while the Yihetuan Movement and the invasion of The Eight-Power Allied Forces led directly to the Beijing'urban chaos and losing control in 1900. Because traditional control modes that maintained social order already can't cope with the complex situation at that time, in order to stabilize the social order and control mess, the Qing government learned from the west countries and began to set up modern system of police in Beijing.After the development of late Qing dynasty, police powers of Beijing expend gradually and clear. Fully knowing the importance of police in safeguarding political power, Yuan Shikai put a heavy emphasis on the construction of police administration. As the center of the regime, the social order of Beijing was particularly important, therefore Yuan Shikai actively reorganized and enriched Beijing'police administration as soon as taking power. On that basis,Peking Government established Police Board that was specially responsible for police'administrative affairs of Beijing city and suburbs. Reshuffled Police Board and subsidiary institutions conformed to the need of situation on function planning, organizing system, personnel system and other aspects after constant adjustment and supplement, it played important role in maintaining social order in Beijing area.At present,scholars generally focus only on security functions of police. Unlike later police institutions, as the most important management institution of public security on Beijing city in the period of Beijing government, the most important performance of Police Board was universality of function. Based on the functions of police in the late Qing dynasty, police functions included security functions(population management, public management, dangerous goods management, traffic management, social customs management, fire fighting management and so on), municipal functions(real estate management, tax administration, medical and life health management and so on), charitable functions during the period of Beijing government. Or you can say Beijing Police Born simultaneously the triple tasks: preserving local security, urban management and implementing charitable relief on period of Beijing government. And these three functions were equally important, the police did not only to take the security function and ignored the municipal function and charity functions. For universality of police's functions, only individual scholars simply mentioned in the study, did not argue in detail according to historical data and did not further analyze the influence of this function. This paper mainly takes first-hand newspapers, files and journals in Beijing government as the basic historical data to reveal multiple functions of Police Board and analyses its impact the deep influence on public life, urban society and ruling power of government. The author thinks that the paper make up for the lack of study in the history of modern Chinese police, meanwhile show complex facial in urban social.This function or task'diversity of the police inevitably produced close contact with many aspects (including food, clothing, shelter and transportation, even family internal affairs and personal morality) of people and make Police Board become the official institution what was most closely connected with the society. In order to regulate the social life of public, police established many kinds of regulations what were always limited on people's behavior. For the city dwellers who long believed in the self-regulation, these intervention made them feel a lot of inconvenience. And some problems of the police system itself, these rules and regulations encountered many difficulties in particular executive procedure, even some aspects were also strongly criticized and object by public. But for modern police administration during Preliminary stage of development, most importantly, the police had been widespread accepted by the social populace for the maintenance of public order, protecting public safety and providing a lot of social service, and deepened the populace comprehension of police by constant efforts.Police Board has broader responsibilities, played many parts and undertook two or more projects. Before, these projects had been implemented by several government departments and some unofficial local organizations and groups. The police was set up, these tasks were taken comprehensively by police. This situation was not unique to Beijing but a trend of Chinese urban management at the beginning of the 20th century. Wide functions of police department were to adapt to city modernization in late Qing dynasty than due to appear in a relatively short time in China. The multiple roles easy result in fuzzy permissions, vague duty and influenced the police efficiency to a certain extent. But the appearing of the police had a very important significance for China city during the development of modem. Though multiple management, it made Chinese cities have a specialized management institutions at least. This become a new method of urban management, and reflected development trend in the process of modernization of urban management professional. In addition, due to the development of modern police administration, large areas of city were divided into more small units in order to directly manage. As a result, the concept of"zone"produced in modern city, and laid the foundation for later introducing"zone"as a formal administrative unit grassroots.Through playing various functions, police played multiple roles in society. It not only impacted and standardized social life the public all the way around, or was a powerful tool of social control of government. The larger police penetrated in the public life, the greater controlled social activities was, the stronger social engagement also was. The broad function of police led the government to legalize mandatory interpose under the pretext of maintaining social order. Meanwhile, the police'complete intervention in social life also changed the traditional mode of social control and dee ply-rooted influence of traditional control mode in the people thought. More important, since the police appeared, China gradually reformed a society that social life was constrained by various provisions and police controlled from a"self-help"management society. The power of police stemmed from the power of country, the expansion and penetration of police'control also meant that state power of control gradually went to"inside"of the public social life.