The Twentieth Century The Shang And Zhou Commune

Since the debated phasing of ancient Chinese history in the Chinese academic circles at the beginning of the twentieth Century, what the social patterns and the nature of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were has always been one of the important issues among historians. In the research of the societies of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, how to find out the balance point between the theory of "the five modes of production" and the theory of "Asian mode of production" has always been the sought-after goal of many scholars during the twentieth century. As to the essence of the "Asian mode of production", it is actually a problem of "communes", so the so-called balance between the theory of "the five modes of production" and the "Asian mode of production" in fact is the balance between the theory of "the five modes of production" and the "communes". It can be said that along with the debate about the "Asian mode of production", the problem of communes was introduced into the research on the Chinese history, especially on the history of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the thorough research on the problem of "communes" encouraged people to constantly correct their views about the theory of "the five modes of production". Thus it is very evident that the problem of "communes" held an important position in the research of the social patterns of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. But unfortunately, for many years, there has been almost no monograph which specially studies and sorts out the research situation of the "communes" in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.In order to make up for such inadequacy of the research on the academic history, this dissertation attempts to systematically sort out and discuss the research of the communes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties by Chinese scholars during the twentieth century from the two perspectives of theory and research history. In form this dissertation is divided into "Partâ… " and "Partâ…¡":Partâ… mainly systematically examines the Marxist theory of the "communes" from the theoretical point of view, and also studies and analyses the major defects and errors in the understanding and application of the theory by the Chinese scholars. One of the most important contents, is the research and the discuss focused on the Marx's letter and the drafts to Vera Zasulich, which points out that the concept of "agricultural commune" has been misunderstood by most Chinese scholars for over half a century, and also studies the problems such as the train of thought in the drafts etc. On the basis of the above, in three stages of "since the debate on Chinese social history" (1927-1949) and "after the founding of the PRC" (1949-1966) and " during the new period" (since 1979), Partâ…¡systematically sorts out the research results of the communes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties by Chinese scholars since the beginning of the twentieth Century, in which the train of thought and the method of these research results is reviewed and re-examined. In order to completely introduce and reflect the various research results of the communes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the dissertation is arranged in contents under the category of different scholars.This dissertation argues that:according to the last understanding that was reached by Marx in his research on the development stages of human society, there are actually two different types of ages of the human society before and after the collapse of the "communes", that is to say, the society based on the "common property" and the society based on the "private property" are two successive stages of social development that however can not be equated; the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in Chinese history was exactly the period of the transformation during which the society based on the "private property" replaced the society based on the "common property", and the societies of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which were still societies based on the "common property" on the whole, were right at the eve of this important change; the largest error of the research on the social patterns of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the "communes" throughout the twentieth century, is studying and discussing the societies based on the "common property" of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties with the principle of "private property", namely "class". Drafts of the letter to Vera Zasulich by Marx is one of the most important theoretical bases for the Chinese scholars to study the "communes", which reflects the final results of Marx's thought on the social development patterns of East and West and his theory of the "communes". But, including the latest Chinese translation, the important words which had been deleted and the modified traces in Drafts of the letter by Marx have not been translated. However, these modifications are important materials for studying and understanding the Marx's conception of history in his old age. In view of this, this dissertation has also revised the latest Chinese translation of Drafts of the letter according to the Marx's French manuscript, in which the words that had been deleted and the modified traces are presented in the Chinese form for the first time.