The Fire And Fire Fighting Of Hankou From 1927 To 1937

In the period of the Republic of China, the city development was persecuted by the Conflagration.The discussion of this thesis centers on Hankou from 1927 to 1937.Based on the surveying in Hankou area for the fire-fighting tradition, the status and the cause of conflagration, the organization,the operation and so on, this thesis conduct a comprehensive perspective and examination on the fire-fighting response mechanism of Hankou-one of the representative of the modern cities. The author hopes for reconstructing the history of the municipal administration in the period of the Republic of China and show the mutual action and its influence to the cities between the government agency and civil organizations on the specific municipal affairs. At last, this thesis highlights the characteristics of fire-fighting in the city of Hankou through comparative analysis of the representative cities at home and abroad.The first chapter is a summary of the sense of fire and fire-fighting traditions for a long time. Chinese traditional society had very complex emotions to "fire". On the one hand, "fire" made people yearn for because its light and heat were essential to life. On the other hand, Since the feared "fire" had very huge destructive force, people remained distant from it. "Conflagration" was an unavoidable topic in every dynasty and all social classes had their own views on it. The summary of the idea and measures of fire-fighting in traditional society is also one of the impetus for the development of fire-fighting programs in modern times. There were diverse coping styles of "fire" in different periods, such as from science and technology, the plan for architecture to the case law regulations, organizations and so on. These different coping styles not only act on the fire-fighting in that time, but also affect the social development of afterworld.The geographical position of Hankou is superior, which is well known for transportation. Hankou rose as a city from Mid-Ming dynasty, fire protection and fire fighting was linked closely with livelihood in Hankou. Hankou had become an important trading port in interior China since the second Opium War, which had been in the process of modernization, where industrial and commercial business began to develop. Hankou had become a big city as important as Shanghai. In this process, fire protection has been changing according to people's understanding of fire protection. It is necessary to analyze and generalize fire protection conceptions, ideas, and measures during late Qing Dynasty, to understand the development of this kind of social affair.The second chapter analyzes the Hankou fire protection situation carefully according to accurate statistical data between 1927 to1937, with some case studies. Various factors might bring about fire, but all these factors could not be separated from their surroundings and times. The social and economical development entered a new era during the 10 years. The modern industrial civilization affected the social life deeply, some ways of life and production changed gradually, and causes of fire also increased. Disturbance and unrest was prevailing during this period, parts of fire disaster were on account to some people's purposes. The loss caused by fire was rare in all times. This chapter classifies fires and firemen in Hankou during this period, comparing to fires in other cities. There are some specific case studies to demonstrate the complicated situation of fire in cities.The third chapter discusses the two systems in fire protection in Hankou, civilian-run and official fire protections. The government authority weakens in this period, so fire protection run by citizens played a more important role. This chapter analyzes the operation and feature of civilian-run fire protections from organization, branch, equipment, funds, influence on the community, and participation in local affairs. Official fire protection was also an important part in Hankou, Which is discussed from its development and management of fire protection of the city in this chapter. This chapter also pays attention to the cooperation between official and civilian-run institutions, to see their mutual affections in fire protection in a city.The fourth chapter mainly study the fire response of Hankou city from two links that the disaster insurance and disaster relief these ten years. "Hidden is danger than fire, prevention is better than disa ster relief", the prevention of fire has always been an important aspect of the city fire management, the development of the modern financial industry makes fire insurance as Hankou an important means to cope with urban fires. This chapter will study the city fire response in this period from the origin of fir e insurance, fire insurance mechanism for the improvement and prevent arson Figure lose control. To discuss and analyze the case of disaster relief.The fifth chapter will select the domestic and international representation of the city's municipal f ire in the same period for comparative study, in order to further highlight the characteristics of the tim es of the Hankou City Fire. In foreign cities, select the governmental dominant Tokyo and civilian do minant of Losangeles as examples, the effect of two different municipal system under city manageme nt related differences; in the country, select Peiping and Shanghai which are very different cities in the composition ratio of the power of officials and the public as examples, to discuss t the management o f municipal fire and to observe the specific characteristics of Hankou.Finally, to summarize and care the paper content and he writing purpose, and on this basis to mak e thoughts on the modern city municipal management. City Municipal is inseparable from the particip ating jointly of the official and civilian, the official strength city affairs is dominant, civilian organizati on is involved in the main force, both of which require institutional norms and the greater the need for each other to keep a reasonable space for activities, maintain the city municipal people power in dyna mic balance of city municipal management improvement and development important significance.