A Study Of Pu Hu Problem In Song Dynasty

The pointcut of this doctoral dissertation is the urban PuHu of Song Dynasty.Being based on historical background of social-economical innovation of Tang and Song Dynasties, its field of vision is helpful to quest for historical transition by being probed into those questions on the urban shop owners.The PuHu of Song Dynasty had relevance to the stores and sitting merchants of classical market system greatly,but both of them had very large difference.Fang-Shi system gradually dissolved,and the shops and stores emerged throughout the streets and alleyways,running all day long.Market office and Market Register System finally terminated.In such city change, the stores and sitting merchants of traditional market system had developed into the shop owners of opening market.Since the Song Dynasty, the sitting merchants of ancient China had evolved into PuHu Period. PuHu of the Song Dynasty mainly included the sitting merchants having the fixed shops within Fu-Zhou-Xian's city walls.Moreover, a lot of PuHus also existed in rural markers and town markets.Since the Tang-Song Dynasty,the population of urban businessmen rose up,and business market presented unprecedented opening feature in time-space aspects,meanwhile the government started to seek new supervisor mode of urban population along with development of cities and business and sharp increase of town tax,thereupon grading system of urban residents arised at the historic moment.From then on, the shop owners of the Song Dynasty possessed no longer the prior humble status,instead of gaining identities of urban residents paralleling to other urban classes.The period of Tang-Song Dynasty is an very important development times of commodity economy.The development of commodity economy promoted transformation among social-economical fields,and displayed much different features from the former times.We discussed a series of questions of PuHus in such historical background,and gave more meaning to this study.The paper focused on the period of Song Dynasty,and probed into definite object of historical study in this great historical transformation to grasp historical study from microcosmic and macroscopic ways.This dissertation is divided into six parts.The first chapter is preface,including origin of this selected topic and summary of research status.The main body of paper consisted of the second chapter to the fifth.The second chapter dicussed mainly on urban space change of the shop owners.Since Mid-Tang Dynasty,traditional and closedend structure of system of Fang-shi gradually became flexible,and operating space of PuHus changed greatly,meanwhile "street" increasely became an important marketing place.In the courses of transformation of urban space,collapse of Fang-shi system and formation of streets system was a synchronous-reversal process. The emphasis of this chapter was on cause and effect of breakup of Fang-shi system and strees system,and urban space change in this process.The third chapter is about changing status from the stores and sitting merchants to PuHus,from market registers to urban residents.The transformation of the sitting merchants was connected with rise of urban revolution,being midwiferied by the development of commodity economy. This changing of status dued to expansion of urban space of Tang-Song period objectively,advancement of social status of businessmen subjectively,and development of system of urban tax institutionally.The fourth chapter focuses on taxes of city walls,government expropriation by purchase and service of guild of PuHus of Song Dynasty.At the period of Tang-Song Dynasty,emergement of taxes of city walls showed development of real estate tax.According to their area and quality,urban houses and stores of PuHus must pay housing tax.If PuHus rented and occupied land to operate stores,they must pay foundation tax,which focused on rise and condition of housing and land tax.Among question of PuHus and government expropriation by purchase,we dicussed mainly on different condition of government expropriation by purchase in city walls,about which implement of the Law of Service Exemption of Song dynasty brought;Among question of PuHus and service of guild,DangHang of the registered PuHus is core,laying stress on kemai which is an activity of government purchasing,also involving with discussion on question of service exemption of the guild.The fifth chapter is about JiaoYin shop owners and tea-salt monopoly of Song dynasty. Because of particularity of their goods,JiaoYin shop owners became special type of PuHus,and was connected with Ruzhong system of Song Dynasty,among which state transferred profits of monopolized commodities(such as tea and salt) to businessmen in order to solve questions of military supplies of border area with the aid of businessmen.The government imported tea-salt into Ruzhong system by issuing Jiaoyin as exchanging medium,which also promoted tea-salt into the field of circulation to some degree.This chapter maily dicussed reason of emergement of Jiaoyin PuHus,relation between Jiaoyin PuHus and tea-salt monopoly,and relationship of Jiaoyin PuHus and the government.The last chapter is birds-eye view of question in regard to PuHus, which mainly dicusses influence of "problem of PuHu" of Song Dynasty on society-economical aspects.Hence,how we hold the historical context in such a great historical span,which is a significant process of history.What we dicusses on question of the shop owners of Song Dynasty covers a lot of remarkable changes in the social-economical fileds of Tang-Song Dynasty,such as dividing line between urban and rural areas;fluxility of social classes and improvement of social status of businessmen;transformation of household registry system;coversion of market space of cities;shift of mode of market management of cities;transition of taxation and duty system;establishment of new type of mode of economic operation.these changes in the social-economical fileds are reflected by a series of discussion on the shop owners.