Choose In A Dilemma:on Transformation About The School Of Mandarin Duck And Butterfly From The Late Qing Dynasty To The Early Republic Of China

The school of mandarin duck and butterfly is an important literary school in modern Chinese literary history, whereas its concept and rheological process have always been in confusion and have a biased and simplified tendency in narration of the classic literary history. Although the research of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly has been constant concerned since the1980s, its hot position hasn't made it to the climax. On the contrary, lots of outstanding literary phenomenons and topics have not been touched, many conclusions and common senses of literary history which continues without thinking need to be inspected by huge amounts of historical data. In addition, the research of the school also involves major adjustment to the concept of literary history and includes rich historical data values in research, etc. It is necessary and urgent to research on this school. So I chose the school of mandarin duck and butterfly which was in start and initial flourishing stage as my research object. It also means the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China (from the Novel Times founded in1909to the Novel Quarterly ended in1920). The significance of choosing this period in study also lies in that the school of mandarin duck and butterfly is in modern Chinese literature's intersection of multiple dimensions, such as traditional/modern, elegant/popular, China/west, local/foreign. The research on that can release a great space of literary interpretation. Second, this period is the weak link of the study of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly and modern Chinese literature. Many historical data are still in a dusty state and lack of necessary arrangement. So the important significance of the research on it can fill the blank of literary history. Third, this period is also an important time to the development of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, which provides an important premise and basis with the transformation about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in later period and its overall orientation. Meanwhile, it also enriches the cognition about the existing studies about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly.In the study angle, this paper takes the typical narrative characteristics of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly's novels as the entry point, investigates the literary style and transformation track of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in different times from1909to1920, the psychological barrier, complicated life experience which the writers of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly faced in fiercely changing context, and the difficult choice which made in order to adapt to the context. So as to eventually be able to present the law of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly's deep transformation and the root behind the transformation. In the research method, synthetically use narration, discourse theory and modernity theory, etc. In addition, using the research methods of historical data's collection and analysis, the combination of internal and external research. The frame of the paper bases on variant transformation characteristics of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from1909to1920in different stages, and takes the school of mandarin duck and butterfly's typical periodicals which present the variant transformation characteristics as primary investigation fields. Meanwhile, the paper concludes two clues which are the national discourse(face) and entertainment discourse(face), and divides the transformation about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China into four stages to discuss orderly.The introduction:introduces the object and significance of the research; the review of studies on the school of mandarin duck and butterfly since the beginning of the new century; the framework and methods of the research; to clarify the concept of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly which was ambiguous in past and define the concept of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly which the paper used.Chapter I:continuance and alienation:multiple faces of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the earlier period of the early Republic of China. This chapter discusses the New Novels in the late Qing Dynasty provides what cultural resources for the creation of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, so that formed its unique words and faces in the weak context of the New Novels. That presents two aspects. First, the novels of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly shows continuance of the New Novels' national discourse which signs for enlightenment and saving. But at the same time, they took this national discourse on the boundary of enlightenment and fashion, or used addition and subtraction, thus displays alienation from the New Novels' national discourse. In the specific discussion, through choosing several points, such as the national discourse characteristics in early periodicals of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, the image of heroine's transformation, and the national discourse (face) changes in science fictions, discusses the transformation about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the earlier stage of the early Republic of China. Second, the Revolution of Novels in the late Qing Dynasty comprehended literature in a political sight, and established a set of political discourse forms in novels which valued for enlightenment and saving. But with the New Novels further evolving, it contradictorily deconstructed the political discourse, pointing to traditional novels'entertainment discourse which centers on telling stories, thus that provided a hinterland for the development and maturity of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the future. The innovation of this chapter is combining the early stage of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly with the New Novels in the late Qing Dynasty. Especially proposing the conclusion in this chapter that the political discourse's deconstruction of the New Novels becoming a hinterland of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, revises and supplements previous studies which ignored or ruptured the literature developmental chain between the school of mandarin duck and butterfly and the New Novels, and it also offers a unique perspective for the investigation on the transformation track of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the future.Chapter â…¡:persiflage and bewailment:two expressions of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the middle of the early Republic of China. This chapter discusses in Republican context under the Republic of China, the intense changes of the political reality made the writers of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly engender what experience, which brought about the unique face in this period. In this short period, it presents a serious national face, which is different from the former period. It concretely shows two aesthetic forms and discourse modes of persiflage and bewailment, which contains particular experience of the writers in a new context. In the specific discussion, through choosing two periodicals of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, that are Freedom Magazine and Minquansu, beginning with that two narrative characteristics and aesthetic forms which are persiflage and bewailment, explores the writers' common experience in this period, and further expounds the root of the transformation. The innovation points of this chapter lies in through the school of mandarin duck and butterfly's writers and works in this period, proposing the concept of Republican context, and the school of mandarin duck and butterfly shows relevant literary styles under the republican mechanism in the Republic of China. So the interpretation of the fracture between the wailful verses and entertained novels (sad love novels) in the periodicals of Minquansu in this period can restore the compensatory writing intention which the writers' republican ideal destructed in reality. It corrects the previous simple final conclusion that the school of mandarin duck and butterfly is entertainment-oriented, and that also responds to current hot discussion about the literature of the Republic of China.Chapter â…¢:nostalgia and oblivion:interfluve of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the middle and later period of the early Republic of China. This chapter discusses the school of mandarin duck and butterfly shows what face and writers' mentality which the Republican context was disappearing and the market consumption of modern literature context was spreading. On one hand, with the Republican context disappearing, the writers of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly showed the literary form of nostalgia and seclusion in their works. These made it transform on the basis of continuing the national discourse in last period. Not only possessed more deep emotional sublimate colours in aesthetic shape, but also embodied in their novels' narrative mode and plots settings. On the other hand, with the market consumption of modern literature context flourishing gradually, a new novel paradigm which showed people's daily life and secular consciousness was forming, presenting obvious difference with the previous school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the language, narrative mode, theme, character image, etc, showing alienation from the national discourse(face) and approach to the entertainment discourse (face), forming a transformative trend which the two kinds of discourse(face) confronted and alternated. Behind the transformation, on one hand, that implies intergenerational interfluve of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly's new and old writers, and different attitudes and results of adjustment to the context. On the other hand, the two groups of writers showed some common narrative features and values, which maintained the unity of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly. In the specific discussion, still uses typical narrative forms of novels as the entry point, deeply explores the writers'experience and dilemma behind the narrative (transformative) characteristics. The innovation point of this chapter is that proposes the interfluve of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, and considers the internal different creation as the two groups of writers'intergenerational distinction, which describes the evolutive process of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in this period and supplements the fuzzy cognitive about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in previous studies. In addition, the problem touched upon the school of mandarin duck and butterfly's identity of traditional culture and moral concept in this chapter is also different from previous research which simply concludes to feudalism and conservatism, but places it in the cultural ideological trend of revivalism since the late Qing Dynasty to understand its important significance of utilizing traditional cultural resources and remedying the anomie of cultural value.Chapter â…£:decline and prosperity:the internal alternation of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in end of the early Republic of China. This chapter discusses in end of the early Republic of China, the school of mandarin duck and butterfly how to accomplish the transformation through its internal alternation between the new and the old writers, showing what face and complex mindset before it entered into a new and case-hardened stage of development. In the specific discussion, choses the periodical of Novel Quarterly which has been ignored as a field of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, and keeps the eventual coexisting state of the new and the old writers and their unique literary existing forms. The paper investigates that the old writers determined to turn around the decadence situation of writing by using intense national discourse, but it mixed up with a way of entertainment writing. In actual writing, they obstinately built a classical world which was full of utopian colours, and mixed up with heavy sentimental personal experience of the times. But they destroyed this literary world while they were building. Whereas the new writers continued to build a new art world following the new novel paradigm of last period. Although they were inevitably influenced by the old writers, completely presented entertainment discourse and face. The innovation points of this chapter is that founds the periodical of Novel Quarterly which is an important literary field. That provides a strong argument to reveal the transformation about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the end of the early Republic of China, especially the process and result of the alternation between the old and the new writers. These discovery undoubtedly riches our cognition of the old writers' literary survival form in this period, such as the discovery about the historical data of Xu Zhenya who tried to make unexpected transition.The conclusion:through the transformative law which is explored in this paper about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, the new and the old writers'adjustment to the literary context and the psychological barrier in creation, tries to propose the cultural significance and loss of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, the revelation to the writers in current transformed context, and how to pick the clue of exploring traditional culture resources which is represented by the school of mandarin duck and butterfly, so as to effectively promote the current culture(literature)'s construction and development.All in all, on the basis of collecting and processing the numerous old periodicals of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly which are first-hand historical data, starting from reading experience, dialoguing with the text, finally draws a conclusion:the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China always tangles with double directions of serious national discourse and entertainment discourse from sprout to initial prosperity, thus shows two completely opposite, mixed and compound faces, but not a single, settled face. During the development of the school of mandarin duck and butterfly from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, with the changes of the literary context, following the two corresponding discourses of New Novels in late Qing Dynasty, it experienced a transformative process which the serious discourse(face) extincted and the entertainment discourse(face) enhanced. At the same time, it also mixed up with complexity and changeover of the two kinds of discourse in inversing proportion. Finally, around1920, the school of mandarin duck and butterfly fixed its position of popular literature facing the public completely, and presented the face of entertainment, game, recreation, which is generally known in literary history. Thus comes up with questions and supplements to two kinds of judgment in classic narration of the modern Chinese literary history. First, the the final judgement of entertainment about the school of mandarin duck and butterfly in the narration of literary history exists a briefly described and biased tendency, thus it can't cover a dynamic development process of the school. Second, the school of mandarin duck and butterfly converted to popular literature, and formed confrontation situation of elegant/popular with the May4th literature, which didn't depend on the new literature's strong intervention, but originated from its own transformative law. So it inevitably, specifically and completely moved towards a secular way which adapted to the public ideas and life.