Study On The Changes Of Ecological Environment Of Northeast Area In The Qing Dynasty

Northeast region is one of China ecological environment better regions in the early Qing Dynasty, where climate diverse, forest densely, grassland expansive and resource abundant. In Qing Dynasty, although the government on the northeast border management policy constantly adjusted, the pace of the mainland people enter into the northeast has not been stopped. Whether Government's public management or refugees' privately development, they excessive development to various resources on the Northeast, have led to the changes of ecological environment. In this paper, using the file record, chronicles and study notes to study the changes of ecological environment in northeast area in stages empirically from"natural ecosystems-natural disaster-government management-people development" four in one research perspective.Before the Qing Troop's entrance to Shan-hai pass(山海关),in order to meet the struggle and development needs, the Qing government continued to concentrate the population living in the Northeast to the east coast areas of Liao-river. While that promoted the local economic development, but also make the migrated population become even rarer and the ecological environment more primitive. With the Qing Troop's entrance to Shan-hai pass(山海关),large numbers of people lived in the Northeast moved into Central Plains, which make the east coast region of Liao-river where is more densely populated into a Sparsely populated wilderness. In1658, to enrich the underlying land, the Qing government issued "the Order to encourage farming in liao-dong(辽东招垦令)", to actively attract the mainland people migrate the northeast, which changed initially the desolation of the southern Northeast.During the Kangxi's and Yongzheng's Rule stage, the Qing government on the one hand followed the encourage farming policy to continue encouraging mainland people moved to the northeast; the other hand a lot of the exiled prisoners to develop the northeast. A large number of people and the exiled prisoners promoted the local agricultural development and urban prosperity, but also further changed the local ecological environment. To strengthen the management, the Qing government built the Willow Fence(柳条边),set up the paddock and pasture, designated a number of restricted area. Although its purpose is to meet the special needs of the royal family and government, but it regulate the range of ordinary people's development, and certain extent, protect the ecological resources and the natural environment in the restricted area. At the same time, the Qing government also set up Shengjing Imperial Palace(盛京内务府),the dashengwula-Yamen(打牲乌拉衙门)and buteha-Yamen (布特哈衙门)and other special agencies, to excavate Panax Ginseng and capture Martes zibellina and other rare biological resources in official form. In addition, the Qing government established the timber mountain system to harvest trees officially. These government actions also have a profound impact on the ecological environment of the Northeast. In addition, natural disasters in the Northeast are relatively few and occurred mainly in Liao-river West Bank area. The Qing government took actively a series of measures to respond to, alleviate the destruction of natural disasters on the local cultural environment in a certain extent.From the five-year of Qianlong (1740) to three decades of Daoguang (1850), the Qing government promulgated of a seal ban to restrict people on the mainland to the northeast in order to safeguard the interests of the royal family and the Banner. At the same time, the Qing government continued to migrate capital banner to the northeast for reclamation and competition for resources with the displaced persons. Moreover, the Qing government also continued to strengthen the management of Shengjing Imperial Palace (盛京内务府)and other agencies, to increase the development of rare animal and plant resources in northeast China. The Qing government Strengthen the management of Wood bureau management around the Northeast, to increase the intensity of development of forest resources. Although occasionally allowed people out Shan-hai pass, in the overall,the government Implement the clear closing measures.To meet the needs of survival and development, large numbers of mainland people continued to break through the government banned, sneaked into the sealed area, engaged in private cultivated and the economic activities,such as private mining, private logging and poaching. The enhancements of government behavior and displaced persons, caused a great impact on the Northeast of the ecological environment, including forest area retreat and wildlife plummeted. With the degradation of the ecological environment, the natural disasters in northeast escalating aggravated and the affected scope expanded gradually. To respond to disasters, the government-led, social collaboration, taking measures simultaneously, which reduce greatly casualties and socio-economic damage caused by the natural disaster.To the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government gradually began to rescind the prohibition, allowed farming partly, attract people to cultivate breed, the development in northeast enters into a new stage. The increase of population, the prosperity of urban land expansion, resource consumption exacerbation, aggravated the unbalance of ecological environment of Northeast. Since the modern times, Russia, Japan and other powers, not only invaded and occupied the vast territory of China's northeast, but also plundered resources frantically and considerably, damaged to the environment seriously.Twenty-one years of Guangxu (1895), to save the rule and to migrate civilian for defending the border areas,the Qing government lifted the ban on the northeast finally, encouraged the mainland people emigrate to the northeast to cultivate all the land, which write a new chapter in the development of northeast. In addition, the Korean people poured into the Northeast of China and settled, reclaimed wasteland, developed resource, affecting the local ecological environment.After200years of development, the Northeast ecological environment has changed dramatically, the rare resource acute to decrease, grassland desertification, soil erosion is severe, the river silted up, shipping suffocate suffocate, natural disaster frequency speed. Large-scale disaster and epidemic, such as Plague, are more serious harm to the social and economic development in the Northeast.In short, the changes of ecological environment in northeast area mainly manifests for the ecological resource consumption and natural landscape change. The changes of ecological environment in northeast area is greatly affected by the Qing government management policy, population flow and distribution, resource development and the impact of Technology, through the changes of ecological environment in northeast area from beginning to end. Since modern times, with the foreign powers invaded deepen, ecological environment degradation in northeast area intensified, thus constituting the new traits of the modern northeast frontier ecology evolution.