Transportation Department And The Early Republican Economic Policy Research (1912-1916)

The Communications cligue,rising in the late Qing Dynasty,is an important part of the Beiyang cligue. The main character of Communications cligue,Tang Shaoyi, Liang Shiyi, Zhou Ziqi, Zhu Qiqian, Ye Gongchuo, Zhan Tianyou, Wu Dingchang boarded the stage of history as a new type of intellectual, professional technical bureaucratic and elite, formed a political cligue relying on close geopolitical,phylogenetic,,industry predestined relationship. They follow Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang,deemed transportation, foreign areas as the main activity space,actively supported Beiyang and Northeaet new policy.They are specific implementation researchers and practitioners of new policy,played a huge role in the early modernization and the rise of Beiyang Cligue. They embody style of innovation,pragmatic,dare,and actively reflected the thought of state sovereignty. In the1911Revolution, they tend to Republic, made immortal contributions not only to unification of the north and south,but also to subvert the monarchy.They has played a positive and far-reaching influence on railroad career, the development of the financial industry,affect the development of the railway in early time of Republic of China.In the time of the reign of Yuan Shikai, the Communications cligue leader actived in the areas of economy, exerted great influence on traffic,finance,taxation,monetary policy,industrial policy.In the transportation industry, its economic policies mainly tended nationalization. On the Road side,they carried out the policy of business runs railroad state-owned,borrowing for constrution. curbing trade policy and adovocating state-owned,strenthing state-owned asset management, actually reflected traffic of railroad career must be monopolized by the state. To promote state-owned railway development on operation,management,construction,finance and accounting system, they united railway policy, perfected astate-owned asset management system. In the telecom political aspect, they promulgated "Telecommunications Regulations", seted out the principles of state-owned, divided into electric administration mechanism. In the post policy,they established electric administration area, abolished the post letter mail,blowed the folk letter bureau and guest post, determined the relationship between Post Divition with Gao Li. In the navigation policy, they intense ly performanced official hosting against bureau hosting on China Merchants. This actually reflects the Communications cligue transportation four policy distinctly national capitalist characteristics. Looking from practical effect, the state capitalism in the field of transportation policy promoted the development of traffic, had the obvious effect on the changes. Especially, in railway,telecommunications and postal, during the reign of Yuan Shikai, the development achievement cannot be denied.In the financial, monetary system, the Communications cligue made up the control of China Bank and Communications Bank. In their efforts,the two bank actual paly the role as national bank position, formed a complex system of central banks. The two banks enjoied the privileges of issuaning bills,managing of public bonds,agenting treasure, established the financial clearing and unified foundation. But its policy emobodied with the fusion of finance and financial characteristics,outstanding ly performanced as issuing bonds and advances.But in contrast to the latter, the former on the finance had certain and positive effect. While the latter,not only play negative effect on the two banks official hosting but also facilitated the two banks turning on meachant hosting after stopping exchange. China bank directly under the Ministry, the consolidation of two banks are its embodiment. At the same time the leaders also held the Xinhua savings bank, monopoly postal savings business.Under their leading,the two banks also played an active financial institutions to the development of national industry and Commerce of investment effect, Especially,at the outbreak of World War I,suppoting silk reeling industry. At the same time, with the establishment of an investment banking firm nature of the Hui Industrial Company, they resisted the Japanese hijiacking Hanyehping company. Liang Shiyi is also actively involved in the Bank of Shanghai Association as a new financial activities. In the monetary system, Liang Shiyi, Zhou Ziqi, Wu Dingchang,actively helped Yuan Shikai pursuing currency reform, made animportant contribution,such as hiting provinces excessive currency, currency loan planning,promotion of Yuantou coins,unified cast right,advocating silver standard,establishment of smooth city official money Bureau. Monetary reform henceforth laid a foundation on Nanjing government's abolishmenting ounce and turning to yuan.In the fiscal and taxation, Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi, first to help Yuan Shikai strengthen finance authority of highly concentration,such as the implementation of the central treasury fund system,unition of financial righ,fiscal power centralization,the introduction of various exam regulations. In the specific management methods, they opposed to borrow foreign debts. Because of financial status, they had to do with no other choose,but noted the t uses a plurality, paied attention to reduce the loss of sovereignty on borrowing time,amount,interest, with terms. For the official industry produce clean,it had a negative effect on a side, whereby the conservative for fiscal purposes.But on the other side, it also had positive role as promoteing reclamation, clear bad assets. They argued that hold ing official industry, played an important effect onoffical mining,agriculture,the official expansion and the commercial monopoly formation.The leaders also actively arrangemented old tax, especially advocating abrogation, arrangementing land tax,taxes,pawnshop taxe, reflected a certain degree of progression.And accordingly conflicted with the Conservatives and Yuan Shikai. They Paied attention to system innovation, such as the budget, in accounting, audit system innovation, the implementation of the new tax system, such as printing, business tax. Tax consolidation reflects the expansion financial main purpose, but also has convenient business people, facilitating business development initiatives, reflect the adaptation of finance, taxation system modernization tendency.At the same time, Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi also actively planed the tariff negotiations, particularly reformed normal tariff, unified customs jurisdiction, which was of great significance. Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi and Zhang Hu also carry out salt policy reform, which had most meaning In uniform authoritu, neat salt tax, implementation of meachant shipping,eliminate consumption,first tax salt, manufacturing Sophisticated salt,but also caused Zhou Xuexi to resist strongly.In the industrial policy, Zhou Ziqi, Zhu Qiqian, Liang Shiyi and other character's policy, involved farming,forest,business,engineering,mining and other sectors. Not only related to many fields, but aiso touched on important,sensitive issues of the economic development at that time, Such as mining,reclamation,measure,land carefully,exposition,corporate office issues etc. In the sector of reclamation works, mining,geological survey,improving agriculture,forestry development,the contribution especially should be sure of.Communications cligue's economic policy had charactoe with finance standard, economic nationalism,state capitalism,early modernization tendency,elite political characteristics. Between the Qing Dynasty and thev Nanjing Government, it presented the action of in the next. Core policies continued with system^mode characteristics.But Like many other political cligue who committed to China early modernization since late Qing Dynasty, as to the policyof financial and economic development, national and social problem, they still failed to find a solution to the paradox of the method.So their Policy is full of contradictions, its oneself also is full of contradictions.Especially,they lied on the success or failure of economic policy,the goal of fiscal and economic policies on Yuan Shikai's political strongman,lied on the construction of authoritarian government, combined on their economy,political aspirations, interests appeal with Yuan Shikai's authoritarian rule,which decided their economic policy mixing old and New,good and bad,also determined their economic policy's basic attribute and function, determined their ultimate fate and historical evaluation.