Dialectics Perspective, Goodness, Beauty And Teleology - Leads From The Kantian Philosophy, A Way Of Thinking

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize morality as the opposition of happiness,their relationship is not logic contradictory but dialectic. The two opposite sides mustexclude each other, but the two dialectic sides can be included each other. Thedialectical opposition between happiness and morality can be expressed in thefollowing: they belong to the two different uses of reason. The former refers to theimmanent use, and the later refers to the transcendent use. But they can exist in themutual reason at the same time. We often ignore the transcendent use of reasonbecause of the inclusion and the limitation of reason, so the happiness and moralityare attributed to the immanent use of reason. So, it is difficult for us to learn thespecificity of morals and the consequence is also concerned .The purpose of this paperis to restore the transcendent use of reason and reveal the specificity of morals fromthe dialectic view. I take great efforts to discuss this subject in the first two chapter .Inneed of remaining their own specificity, in my opinion, the two uses of reason can beincluded but can not be gone beyond. Firstly, I state that the reason in the immanentuse excludes completely the transcendent use, or it must form the false knowledge andlead to a wrong dialectic; Secondly, I state that the reason in the transcendent use mustinclude the transcendent use, or it must form absurd knowledge and lead to anotherwrong dialectic. So the two uses of reason keep their own limitation, and stress thedialectic between happiness and morals. Being ignored easily, I pay more attention to the transcendent use of reason, andregard it as an important subject of dialectic. I notice the reason of immanent use isactually the speculative reason which has the natural tendency of the transcendent use.The use of this natural tendency inevitably appears, but it hasn't this privilege and fallinto the difficulty. I realize the difficulties of speculative reason from the early Greekphilosophy and ontology, so I specifically analyze it in the two postscripts of Chapter1 and finish to examine the transcendent use of the speculative reason .In fact, thereason of the transcendent use is the practical reason .It also face the difficulty. Howdo we know the practical reason which can transcend empirical limitation? We cannot ensure the transcendent specificity of it if the difficulty can not be dealt with .Thedialectic will be in trouble because of lacking of the transcendent use of reason, either.Socrates and Plato's philosophy concerned this subject early. I deep analyze the originof this subject in the postscripts of Chapter 2 and make the practical reason free.The new comprehension of the dialectic comes into being after my statement. Theopposition of happiness and morality is the essence of dialectic; The opposition of theimmanent use and transcendent use of reason is the basis of dialectic; and theopposition of speculative reason and practical reason is the expression of dialectic. Sowe call it essential dialectic. Meanwhile, the dialectic which caused by mutual goingbeyond the limits of reasons of different uses, is called misused dialectic. In thedifferent fields, misused dialectic can be different misused dialectic of practical reasonfrom misused dialectic of speculative reason . The different misuses cause cognitivedialectic and reasoning dialectic. In addition, Kant mentions a kind of dialectic whichis caused by the logical misuse. But it is not the true dialectic and has nothing to dowith philosophy. The dialectic of happiness and morality are included in the mutual reason, so thereason can require to link up the two opposite sides. But how does it link up? I lookfor the medium according to Kant's train of thought, as Kant regards beauty andteleology as the medium. As medium they have the different way to finish the linkingtask. In the last two chapters, I discuss respectively how beauty and teleology link uphappiness and morality...