| This dissertation puts forward and establishes the "concession civilization" concept, and tries to study the 30's literature from the angle of concession civilization. The concession civilization was the visible or invisible existence that the 30's literature couldn't evade, influencing the flowing and styles of the 30's literature. "Concession civilization" had provided new thought way for explaining the 30's literature in whole, and provided new thought angle for studying "Peking-school", "New emotion school" and "Leftist literary". It had also opened another window for studying the life experience and creating flowing of Shen Congwen and Lu Xun. The "concession civilization" may have provided possible original space for the dissertation. The main body part of dissertation roughly uses this train of thoughts from "concept" to "phenomenon", then to "individual cases". There are six chapters to discuss it.The first chapter explains the characteristic of "concession civilization" , and puts forward its meaning in literature history. From 1845 to 1945, the capitalism nation had established and managed near 30 concessions in China. As an entity of politics, economy and civilization, concession had created city landscape, municipal administration system, and civilization mechanism that completely were different from Chinese traditional city, and it had formed the unique life style, the value concepts, the society psychology, the ethics model and the aesthetic sense. Concession had provided a kind of real context for culture intercourse between Chinese civilization and Western civilization. It was an area for collecting and distributing the western civilization, and an advance area for modern transformation of Chinese civilization. The concession landscapes showed strong enlighten effect that was self-evident.The Shanghai concession was the model of concession appearance. Therefore, this dissertation selects the Shanghai concession to study the characteristic of concession civilization. The dissertation analyses the characteristic of concessioncivilization from three aspects. The first is three-dimensional concession--a mixingcity space. Two main city spaces in Shanghai-concessions and Chinese region not only contrasted distinctly, but also mixed mutually. Seeing the leading tendency, thecity space of Shanghai was a concession status. The Shanghai concession included four symbol spaces. The daily space of citizen in concession mostly belonged to the narrow Shikumen. Shikumen had not the ethics depth model of the Chinese traditional residence. It had cut traditional ethics space, and extended the living space of the individual free ethics. The city layout of Shanghai concession was a civilization metaphor. Its chaos space was the token of concession civilization full of social relations, which had influenced the life of city residents, mentality and the spirit condition. The second is the concession residents who "wore small sleeveless jacket that was not dry completely". In concession men and women's proportion was out of balance. The concession was the civilization colony of young person. Concession was filled with vigor, flightiness and risk spirit. Life experience of concession residents was mixed with aspirer, loneliness and wandering. In concession, the flourishing sex had destructed traditional ethics moral. The incompatible context composed of the colony; The city and the nation had set up the complicated form of experience and civilization mentality in advance. Any nationalism text itself included the reflexive factor. Under civilization context of concession, individual couldn't make any real contact with any collectivity. Intellectuals in concession were "middle things" between China and west, tradition and modem. Their characteristic were like "the ambiguous subject". They usually separated themselves from other society and selfhood society. The third is the commerce of the concession system, resident society and concession civilization. Concession system had provided comparatively loose and free discourse space, living space, ethics space and political space. The power structure of Shanghai concession showed a state of plural entity. There were lots of group organizations. Concession in the essence is a "society". The critical function of public opinion and the political criticized consciousness of city residents had provided discourse space that the city residents spoke to the society. The development model of commercial port had created the popular of mercantilism in Shanghai concession, where had been bom the capitalist class of China. The life style and the civilization concept of the capitalist class were admired and imitated by lower class. The civilization status of intellectual was constantly "played" by commerce and colonized context that forced them to adjust their psychological reality and to produce new civilization status.In China, concession multiplied Shanghai-school civilization and city civilization. Concession civilization and Shanghai-school civilization and city civilization not onlyhad identical aspects but also had different aspects. It exists some cruxes nowadays when researchers explain again and use the concept of "Shanghai-school" civilization." Concession civilization" concept has provided new dimension, new scale, and new degree for studying 30's literature.The second chapter discusses the influence of concession civilization to the 30's literature phenomena. Citizen welcomed the condemning novel because it had exposed the intimacy of individual and society and criticized the symbolizing system of traditional value. The mandarin duck butterfly novels and Zhang Ziping's triangle love novels and the erotica literature overflowed, which had relation with the unbalance of men and women's proportion and the lost power of traditional Confucianism. The popularity of knight-errant and detective story related to the risk prevailing and the scarcity of spirit security. Proletariat literature had pointed out foreground full of the hope with nationalism feelings and politics describes and revolution love stories for those who complained the present condition in concession. No matter the spirit climate of concession , still the life state of new feeling group writer , or the expecting vision of recipient, all has prepared to greet new feeling group novel suddenly coming to the fore as new force. Mu Shiying, Liu Naou and Shi Zhecun walked in the forward position where Chinese civilization exchanged with western civilization, and they had fully enjoyed the amusement civilization of metropolis. They were the typical carriers of concession civilization and had the mental state life experiences that they should have. Three articles of Shi Zhecun's historical novels in the head of general had presented the conflict among religion concept, racism, clan ethics and desire, and the subject of novel directed respectively the three kinds of typical civilization anxious from the concession person. The discourse model of new feeling group novel had revealed the intellectual's mental structure of civilization in metropolis. The story of new feeling writers had the spark of "eastern doctrine" now and then when they narrated the metropolis. New feeling novels under concession context had shown the world of "nothing family". Generally the academia explains the argument between Peking-school and Shanghai-school from the angle of binary contradictory. Actually, the concession civilization phenomenon is essence. The Peking-school's "other" made of the civilization atmosphere and civilization rule in concession managed the reconfiguration of literature concept and civilization status of Peking-school more or less. The cultural character of Peking-school spread out in relation to the concession culture. ThePeking-school criticized Shanghai-school's bad character to argue its legitimacy and the orthodox tradition.Third chapter analyzes several characteristics of the 30's literature in concession from three angles including the colonized nature, the commercial state and the natural spirit home. The concession having the dual character of colonize and modern, crime and civilization, Chinese people often appraise the concession with paradox words. Under concession context mixed with colonialism, nationalism, commercial state and modernization, intellectuals narrated the concession with complicated spirit. The Eastern doctrine, oriental state itself and national's criticized entangling of nationalism were responsible for the complexities of colonize civilization in concession texts and for the unilateral of "nation fable". Mercantilism was a mainstream in concession. The ally of literature and commerce had given birth to occupational writer, and poured new vigor into literature creation, and extended the prevalence scope of new literature. The commerce of concession civilization restricted the development and destiny of various styles, and affected the literature atmosphere, and encouraged the emulate phenomena of literature creation and the congenial tendency of literature cause. The concession Person had borne the crowd space and oppression of quick rhythm and lost the traditional naturally harmonious personality. As one kind of compensation method, person in concession tried to seek happy land of the nature spirit home in the text. However, they would not like to return the spirit home of nature. The seeking only had "symbolic meaning", and was a kind of retrieval oneself in conception.The 4th chapter elucidates the relation of the rising of Leftist literary trend and the narrating disease of Leftist text with concession civilization. The concession state of Shanghai took on a society class and politics context that Leftist literature trend must need. The literature fashion and investment by businessmen added fuel to the fire in the popular of Leftist literature. Leftist literature trend accorded with the mind state of most concession writers and the civilization mentality of concession person. On one hand, the leftist literature phenomena were benefited from the concession civilization context. On the other hand, there were bad effects on them. The gap between the requirement of proletariat literature and petty bourgeoisie sentiment of leftist writer had made leftist texts deviate from "standard" requirement, and had brought narrating "disease" inevitably. Narrating "disease" showed three aspects mainly: the transposition of thought subject and text style, the ridicule of discourse and concept, the easier narrating way to choose. Midnight was the typical text ofleftist literature. It mixed the money concept, desire, revolution concept, and colonized consciousness. The scene of city and activity of characters had permeated concession civilization. The main relation chain of characters deducted the society structure of Shanghai concession. The role of Wu Sunfu contained rich concession civilization. He embodied the paradox of nationalism of national capitalist class.The 5th chapter is to study the relation between Shen Congwen's life experience, novel evolution, colonizing narrate and concession civilization. Shen Congwen would rather stay at Shanghai than willing to stay at Peking. Concession civilization had not directly provided the created material mainly for him, but given him inspiration to recall, to imagine, to build the west world of Hunan province, and stirred up his narrate desire. After residing in concession, Shen Congwen began to construct Greece small temple for worshiping human nature, and to turn from only setting out country folk custom to the narrating deep model that the village opposed the city. Then his civilization critical position came into being clear. The life ways in concession illuminated the west world of Hunan province, and urged him to think deeply the great problem that the national culture would be made again. Living in concession, Shen Congwen rescued himself with narrating. The existence environment of concession let Shen Congwen find modern narrating ethics. Shen Congwen was the first writer introspecting deeply the modern civilization. His novel took on a modernity that was also anti- modern civilization. His novel spirit aimed at an antagonism of being forgotten of existence. Shen Congwen had insight through civilization mentality of the person colonizing, and had depicted their complicated face and east experiences. Shen Congwen's typical text narrating colonizing experience was the novel Alice travel in China. The novel had applied the story model that the west colonist had traveled in east. The focus characters were Miss Alice and Mr.Noce who came from English empire. The vile practices of China concession and nation custom of the west world of Hunan province were "looked at" by their eyes. Complicated and deep colonizing civilization that novel showed relied on the civilization tension that the narrator, focusing person and focusing object had produced. The novel presented the proud sense of nation, which had been lost but mixed with ridiculing the colonizing person. Have a strong admiration for west civilization was interlaced with a mood opposing imperialism. As a result, the colonizing civilization in the text became complex. The perspective to colonize civilization in novel could be found in the nuclear image of "wall". Shen Congwen'sattitude had not broken away from admire to the colonist and self-contempt to his nation when he scanned the civilization of "Miao", "Han" and the west. Double nation status led Shen Congwen to narrate complication and vague. There were many contradictions when he tried to evaluate the three kind of civilization.The 6th chapter revealed Lu Xun's concession experience that "like wearing sleeveless jacket not being dried", and announced the relation of his essay in later period and the story is compiled newly to the concession civilization. Lu Xun's last ten years life tangled with Shanghai. When Lu Xun wanted to leave in Shanghai but he could not, and desired to hate it but still love it he doomed to sink into complicated circumstances. Lu Xun was the "middle thing" of the scholar-bureaucrat civilization and metropolis civilization. His unkind manner to the affinity of Peking-school and Shanghai-school showed his feeling away from the center in Shanghai concession. Placing himself in busy confusion metropolises, Lu Xun could not create. The concession context forced him to change. The concession civilization environment had brought some clear changes to Lu Xun's essay. Firstly, the creative power had changed from initiative to passivity. Secondly, the vision of his essay was much narrower, and the ideological level was smaller and smaller. Thirdly, his earlier essay faced straight the whole tradition civilization and system, but the later essay pointed to the odious habits of metropolis. The earlier essay narrated grandly, but the later essay narrated trivially. The earlier essay was anti- tradition agriculture civilization, but the later essay was anti- commerce civilization. The differences between the earlier novels and the later novels in the story is compiled newly were clear the result of the influence of the concession civilization. Similarly being humorous, the three novels in earlier stage showed his deep feeling. They were humor of conscientious and tragedy. However, the five novels later somewhat played the life. They were frivolous humor. Lu Xun had devoted subjectivity to the former articles. But he was absent from the later pieces. The later articles were only to tell the story about "others". |
PDF Full Text Request