On Immigrants Of The Eastern Three Leagues Of Inner Mongolia In Qing Dynasty

This dissertation deals with a comparatively systematic thorough research into the reasons and course of that the Han people flew into the three leagues of Zhuo, Zhe and Zhao of Inner Mongolia as well as the process of that the Han people owned the land and settled down. On the basis of this dissertation also deals with the problems of the changes of the Mongolian people's components and distribution as well as the forming and vicissitudes of the crisscross area of the farming and the animal husbandry by the reasons of the immigrant flowing.This dissertation consists of three parts of preface, main body and appendix. The preface deals with the choice of the title and its significance, the epoch of research, the object, the scope, the outline of foreign and domestic research as well as the historical material utilized by the author. The first chapter deals with the problems related to the reasons of the Han people flowing north before Qing Dynasty and the flow of the hinterland Han people into Mongolia region in Qing Dynasty. There are different views upon the definition of immigrant because of the different research angles and emphases in the science field. But there is an agreement on the viewpoint of the classification of the immigrants into two types of the immigrants organized by the state and the unorganized spontaneous immigrants. The immigrants researched in this dissertation are mainly unorganized spontaneous immigrants including the companions of princesses and Geges, handicraftsmen, merchants and farmers among which the agricultural immigrants were the most and dominant. The flowing north of the Han people from the Warring States to Qing Dynasty affected the economy and the society of some parts of Inner Mongolia, but the nomadic economy had been in the dominant position in the entire Inner Mongolia. The flow of the large Han population into the Inner Mongolia region in Qing Dynasty was the result of which the joint forces of the hinterland contradiction between the population and the land, the natural disasters and chaos caused by wars, the guidance of the policy of the Qing government as well as the phenomena of the recruits and reclamation made by the Mongolian banners, etc drove together, tThe second chapter mainly deals with the immigrating course in the eastern three leagues in Qing Dynasty. Linking the Harachin Mongolian files concerning Han immigrants utilized for the first time with the large immigrating historical material concerning Han immigrantspreserved in two of material on the reclamation of Mongolian land in old Rehe and the findings report on Jin Re Mongolian land, etc as well as the historical books edited by both the governments and the privates and the local annals, the course of the flowing of Han people into eastern Mongolian banners was comparatively displayed in an all-round way, thus making the research in this field systematic, complete and deep. Furthermore some obvious errors have been found when Japanese material was utilized in the past research by comparative research in Mongolian, Chinese and Japanese. For instance, one Japanese scholar mistook the more than nine hundred households of Han people (the number was 729 in fact) found in Harachin left banner in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty for the number of whole Han people in Harachin left banner. Some scholars cited wrong number. The rent land was confused with the pawn land, etc.The third chapter deals with the forming of the crisscross area inhabited by Mongolians and Han people of the farming and animal husbandry. The specific forming circumstances of the structure of crisscross area of the farming and the animal husbandry in the eastern Mongolian banners were demonstrated through the graphs precisely. The ways in which The Han people that flew into Mongolian region owned the land as well as the process of that the Han people settled down were probed into further. On the basis of the forerunners' research results the administration of the Han people those flew into the Mongolian region and the forming of the settling pattern inhabited by Mongolians and Han people have been researched further. Some progress has been made and put forward my own viewpoints, especially in the aspect of the process of that the Han people owned the land and settled down.The forth chapter deals with the changes of the structure of nationalities and populationcomponents. Through the comparative research into the Mongolian population of easternthree leagues from the beginning to the end of Qing Dynasty, it has been found that theMongolian population of Zherim league was less than that of Zhuo and Zhao leagues at firstand gradually more than that of latter. This was related to that the existent conditions werelost and the Mongolian people in the Zhuo and Zhao leagues were coerced into going into theregion of Zherim league pounded by the Han immigrants since Jiadao period of Qing Dynasty.Being short of the historical material, the entire number of Mongolian people that went intoZherim league from the Zhuo and Zhao leagues can not be investigated by textual research.According to the records of local documents some eighty thousand of the Zherim Mongolianpeople that were from the foreign banners were most from the Zhuo and Zhao leaguesdefinitely. Just as right as Zhu Qiling claimed 1908 after on-the-spot investigation that afterthe investigation of the reclamation in the ten banners of Zherim league, half of the peoplehave come from the banners of Naiman, Aohan, Tumed and Harachin. That is because thereclamation went at first and then the hinterland farmers who gradually immigrated and reclaimed more land have been rich that the native Mongolian people could not live well and have to go into other places. This is the natural expending force which can be adroitly guided according to circumstances. So far this research has not been dealt with in the historical science field, but this is valuable reference to the research into the problems of immigrants and population in Qing Dynasty.Appendix one is the information table of the 792 households of Han people who rent land that was found in Harachin left banner by one Japanese scholar. Appendix two is reference documents.This dissertation cited lots of Mongolian files of Harachin three banners in Qing Dynasty preserved in Inner Mongolia Archives and the historical materials of annals of Rehe, annals of Chaoyang county, annals of the prefecture of Changtu and other local annals as well as the Japanese historical material that two of material on the reclamation of Mongolian land in old Rehe and the findings report on Jin Re Mongolian land and the outline of Mongolian league in Rehe and the findings report on old practice of Manchu by Japanese scholars. And the actual records of Qing Dynasty, the typical cases of the joint code of Great Qing Dynasty, the principle cases of the administrative department of minority nationality regions and other historical books were also utilized. The author sorted out the detailed statistical numbers that can reflect the origins and numbers of the immigrants, the mu number of land the immigrants cultivated, the shops they opened and managed, etc.. At same time lots of statistical tables were made to ensure that the conclusion can be based on the full and accurate historical facts.