Anarchistic Spirit And The Chinese Literature Of The 20th Century

As one main criticism objects to the Marxist, the anarchism of the political current of thought is already depressed, but the anarchism thought has the long-term influence in the aspects of enlightening and literature.The anarchism is a kind of Utopia thought. It originats from William Godwin which includes the individualistic anarchism of Max Stirner, the mutually anarchism of Proudhon, the collectivistic anarchism of Bakunin, the anarchy communism of Kropotkin, the anarchy syndicalism at the beginning of the 20th century,etc.. The current thought of the anarchism emerged from at the West of 1960s once again, in which takes the youth culture as the main carrier particularly, with the French student movement of 1968 for symbolize.The anarchistic group development of China experiences the Heaven Justice, the New Century, the Shi Fu-ism, etc.. Anarchism and Marxism cooperated as well as debated in the 5. 4 Movement periods. The anarchism contested to Marxist and has been defeated after the Chinese Communist Party set up. The anarchism has complicated contradiction with various thoughts such as Marxism, liberalism, nationalism, Chinese traditional culturals,etc., so deserve to differentiate and analyze.The anarchism has important enlightenment meaning and influence which from against feudalism, destroy-create philosophy, individuality liberation in base of individualism, humanitarianism, etc.. Marxist win the contestation with anarchism which there are important meanings to the transformation from liberalism to the authority principle, from individualism to collectivism in 1920s and 1930s' China thought circle. The literature policy of Communist Partyregards the Organization of the Party and the Publication of the Party of Lenin as guiding principles, which clean out the anarchism factor. The speech at the forum on literature in Yari an is the Chinese implementation.The anarchism thought which possesses aesthetically agrees with the literature's anarchistic factor innately in such respects as Utopia fantasy, pursuit to absolute freedom and individual character liberation, sensibility, etc..Anarchism spirit's influence to the Chinese literature of the 20th century which is mainly realized through two kinds of ways, one is to pass to the individual writers and another is the literature themes. The influence on the contemporary literature theme is mainly at three respects which include against feudalism, reformation the national trait, revolution worship. Moreover, the revolutionary color in the form revolution of modernism exists too, and this kind of modernism quality can be extended and developed in New Period literature. The anarchistic color at the post-modernism literature is clearer, which one is destructuralism to clear up the centre and clear up the authority, another is the embodiment of mundane Utopia while changing to consumption literature.Lu Xun summarizes the thoughts of himself that is "the two thoughts which humanitarianism and individualistic anarchism growing and declining" . The thought outline of early Lu Xun About ultra culture publicizes exactly subjective voluntarism and individual anarchism. On one hand advocate personal liberation and authority, on the other hand object to "sacrifice" under any autocracy, authority, so the embodiment that the individualistic anarchism composition of Lu Xun is to publicize "individual" and resist to "group" . While feeling desperate to "individual" , "group" give him hopes and he is lookingfor "group" constantly also. Individualistic anarchism position make Lu Xun to guard against and to resist "the new slave owner" and"sacrifice" , which has made him feel new desperation and pain. Lu Xun jolt and suffer the hardship between "individual" and "group" all the time. His Lost good hell, Sacrifice, The tired ox reflect the criticism and contradiction. His relation to Left-wing Federation reflects this kind of thought contradiction between "individual" and"group" .Lu Xun's individualistic anarchism conflict to enlightening position inherent. The purpose of enlightening lies in arousing people, namely exert influence on others with such sacred names as the right, surviving, etc., namely interfere to others' free choice. But this interfere itself conflict to the individualistic anarchism position. In the serial contradictions what caused by didacticism and individualistic anarchism which in love and hate, the sacrifice and revenge, the cynical and positive, no resisting and violence, nihility and being, Lu Xun resonateand with Mikhail Artsybashev. In despair and among nihility and being, Lu Xun use "the middle of thing" to "resist despair" .Guo Moruo may be termed the poet with individualistic anarchism temperament most obvious in the literary world of the 5.4. He resists all authoritative what even may be said to nihilism degree. He publicizes the individuality liberation and freedom which surprises the world. Heavn dog and The gangster praise are exactly the embodiment of the spirit of destruction-creation, and is the sharpest spirit in the times of 5. 4. Individualism, voluntarism and unrationalism all are Guo Moruo' s thought and philosophy source of literature. In art, he bursts the outmoded system of the classic standard and lay foundation stone for the Chinese modern poetry, regarding emotion law as inherentrhythm, taking free body of vernacular as the shape. Guo Moruo may be termed the anarchism in the literary world of 5.4 Movement.Pantheism is a special shape which reflects Guo Moruo's individualistic anarchism. Guided by Wang Yangming' s heart theory, Guo Moruo combine Chinese and foreign numerous subjective idealism to form his own unique pantheism world outlook. This kind of pantheism is not pantheism in the real Spinoza's meaning, but one unique form of voluntarism, Atheism and Suffused with my theory which suffused with obvious individualistic anarchism.Guo Moruo' s contradiction and changes in such respects such as the Great Harmony ideal, the Populism and labor view, the violence view of the revolutionary method and no resistance, individualism and collectivism, Aestheticism and utility, etc. make him advance from the pantheism and Suffused with my theory suffused with my theory which suffused with obvious individualistic anarchism to real Marxism, in which the transition ladder is the anarchy communism. These transition make him move towards "the party loudspeaker" from "the gangster praise" .Among the modern writers, Ba Jin is the only one to declare "I am an anarchist" clearly, the only one that participates in actual political life of anarchism for a long time. As an anarchist and revolutionary with political conviction, early Ba Jin advance from accepting "the principle anarchism" fanatically to rational "my anarchism" which pay attention to the practical problem. Facing the anarchism declining day by day, the faith passion and reason of paying attention to "practical problem" make Ba Jin fall into the agony between fanatic and desperate, and characters of his early works such as Du da-xin, etc. reflect this kind of contradiction and pain, this makes its works display romanticism and realistic doublecharacteristic at the same time. The revolution believe make him to engaged in literary creation but drift apart actual Revolutionary life sport produce the strong sense of guilt, as a result he has been denying his own writer identity all the time. Though he struggles earnestly, this kind of general trend transformed from political life to the literature career can't be turned back, and anarchism faith is turned from the political view that is foiled into the cultural values thereupon. Ba Jin in the second issue, namely as a writer, may be termed a fellow traveler and sympathizer to anarchism.After the foundation of the state, Ba Jin becomes to the person who cleaning out the anarchism element and the reformation object, so the third issue's Ba Jin gives up anarchism believe and melt into the main tide of the ages cultural basically. But the Cultural Revolution with the experience of "the slave in the heart" to "the slave in the body" shock the instauration that he re- produces "thinking independently" . The fourth issue, namely Recorded on thinking at will period, is the recovery period of anarchism positive culture element and historical memory of Ba Jin. Thinking independently on Recorded on thinking at will and Recorded on thinking again, criticizing the whole system and culture, the revivals of many topics about anti-feudalism, anti-authority, and anti-enslave, liberation human nature, objection to god, brutish nature and servility, erecting the flag of "human" , We are not difficult to see this fits to its anarchism root of early years.In addition, translating play the special and important function in Ba Jin's anarchism believe career.Mao Zedong has romantic quality and antisystem inclination, which this inclination causes his Utopia after the foundation of the state to be anxious and develops into a ultra-Left route. In order to clearaway "Holding Power Faction" whom absonant to the "ultra-Left" , and to keep the revolutionary will of the party, he launched "the Cultural Revolution" . There are ideology values to struggle in the Culture Revolution, there is complicated struggle for right. There was reading by mistake to Mao-ism as anti-system, anti-bureaucracy in the West.The anarchy appearance result in by "the rebel spirit" in the Culture Revolution is the embodiment of the ultra-Left route, which is obvious coherence with anarchism on phenomena, and the two also have a blood relation on the inherent philosophy foundation. But that the politics rules logic with liberation logic has mixed and make vagueness in the Culture Revolution, "the rebel spirit" has remarkable differences with the pure anarchism idea: anti- authority and authority doctrine, individualism and collectivism , enlighten and obscurantism on key idea, absolute individual freedom and collective will on organization, independent and followed blindly on the relation between individual and leader.Having important cultural influence on a generation of "the person in 1968 years" in the Culture Revolution, the heaviest present they gain is searching and recovery of the subject consciousness, and acquisition of fantastic consciousness. The rise process of the underground literature in the Cultural Revolution and the hazy poem, is also to say the acquisition course of modern thinking. The Cultural Revolution destroyed the generation traditional "the pure true" understanding and thinking mode, to provide the foundation for the cultural anarchism of the post-modernism and destructuralism.The concept of the vanguard parties experiences from military to the political migration to art, and the activism culture experiences the transformation from politics anarchism to cultural anarchism,aesthstic anarchism. The conversion from modernism to post-modernism culture, is embodiment of deconstructed (against the authority definitely, turning from the political authority to culture, knowledge authority) and the definitely free spirit liberated, and then post-modern demonstrate mundane, multifold, and aesthetic inherent spirit of the anarchism.The typical example is Herbert Marcuse who turn from the political revolution to the cultural revolution and then turn to the aesthetic revolution, and turn from the political anarchism to the cultural anarchism. His aesthstic theory has reflected the liberation function of aesthetics.Post-modern philosophy regards Nietzsche, Floyd, Marx as three "classical foundation" , and Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, J. Lacan, etc. become new swimmers in destructuralism philosophy after 1960s, in addition, Bakhtin explore carnival spirit of folk culture, which all these pushed the postmodern culture turn to destructural and diversified trend.The modernism literature of Chinese modern literature has had the voice among Creation Organization writer, New Feeling Parties, Li Jinfa, Dai Wangshu, Feng Zhi, Mu Dan,etc., and rising again at New Period. The underground literature in the Cultural Revolution and the hazy poem have politic resistance and also have anarchistic color that culture resist. Novel Looking for cultural Roots and the form explores of Experimental make modernism overflow, on the other hand, the nihilism and the unfamiliar among them also push the rise of the postmodernism. This, one hand, is the game de-construct all sacred thing, another hand is to fashion and consume destructuralism, thus post-modern turn anarchistic alignment of culture, esthetics to another appearance: mundane anarchism. The third generation poem take anti-loftiness,anti-culture, and anti-rhetoric as the strategy, and to produce an artistic anarchism carnival atmosphere of the post-modernism in the form of campaign. Wang Shuo continues "suspecting everything, overthrowing all" thinking and "Mao" language which come from the Culture Revolution, with the thought criticize of the individualistic anarchism and language tactics of playing imitative, irony, to launch the criticism and de-construct to major culture and elite's culture, and to promote the culture context from 1980s' didacticism, modernism transform to 1990s' post-modern context.