Agricultural Management Of The Song Dynasty

Agriculture was a decisive production division of ancient times; the state of agricultural production was closely linked with the national economy and the people's livelihood. So, every dynasty regards managing primary task of economic work agriculturally as. The ruler inherited the thought of traditional attention agriculture in Song Dynasty, used the state apparatus, and had strengthened it to agricultural management. Legislate from a series of on macroscopic, the production guidance to the microcosmic, were all very concrete.Song Dynasty was a dynasty, which paid attention to the institutional improvement. From management organization, central Ministry of Revenue, Ministry of worker, agricultural temple of department, county magistrate's officer of local state and local supervisory organ all shoulder duty which manage agriculture. Rise in the advise agriculturally system of the former generation, already quite complete by Song Dynasty. Besides the emperor cultivated in person on the field, had set up the agricultural organization of advising for the first time--Advise agricultural department, had in local official title of officer in addition, advise the agricultural post. From central authorities to locality, has made a series of agricultural regulation clauses, its content concerns all respects of agricultural production, levy collection, water conservancy build, field residence transaction, insect pest manage.Agriculture was Labor-intensive industry, carry on effective management to the agricultural labor, it is to guarantee the precondition carried on smoothly in agricultural production. Because of the natural and man-made calamities, had caused a large number of vagrants. The government took measures of offering the means of production, returning the real estate, exempting from the taxes and corves etc. Many peasants turned to the industry and commerce at that timed, caused the agricultural labor to reduce relatively on the proportion. The local officer took all sorts of methods to solve. The imperial court carved and issued the agricultural books publication of the former generation for enforcement many times, most local officers paid attention to introducing the advanced agricultural production technology in the area of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces too, guided peasant's production, improved peasants' farming technique. The land, to the traditional society relying mainly on natural economy, was undoubtedly the basic means of production, not only the source that people depended on for existence, but also the important pillar of the national fiscal revenues. Because of chaos caused by war and natural disaster, had caused a large amount of land to go out of cultivation. The government took many kinds of measures, encouraging cultivating the wasteland field, expanding the cultivated area. While encouraging reclaiming wasteland, pay great attention to the building of water conservancy too; enable farmland to ensure stable yields despite drought or excessive rain. In addition, to popularizing the fine crop, expand the multiple cropping areas, improved the land utilization ratio, and relatively paid attention to too.In the agro-farming society, agriculture was always a trade with meager income, most peasants' produce lacking funds and shortage of tool of production, had influenced agricultural production to go on smoothly greatly. Song Dynasty through hold government agricultural loan, regulates between rich family and debt-credit relation of peasant, exempt from government agricultural tax, etc. many kinds of measures, tax of device and trade of farm cattle solve.Song Dynasty was a dynasty with comparatively frequent natural calamity. Agriculture was to live on heaven to a great extent; the natural calamity was great to agricultural influence. In order to take the place of the frequent natural calamity, set up various kinds of storages in Song Dynasty. After the calamity takes place, can relieve in time, reduced or remit the feudal land tax. All these were favorable to stability of the society; guarantee a smooth agricultural production on the basis of a certain degree.