The Cultural Structure In The Period Of Erlitou Culture

In the period of Erlitou culture, the history wheel moves into a new stage in the wide world of china, and the cultural structure undergoing tremendous changes. To some extents, this period carrying forward the cause and forging ahead into the future, if we place it into—the civilization which proceeding from 10,000 year, the ancient country of 5,000 years and the Chinese comprehensive body of 2,000 years—a celebrated dictum of Su Bingqi. Taking the time of Erlitou culture as warp, the wide space word of china as woof and the Erlitou culture as reference frame, this paper aims to reveal which period of which culture corresponds to the period of Erlitou culture, and has a go at grasping the truth of history by a tool of 4-dimension: time, space and people.This paper includes 3 sections, 11 chapters, which inquire into the Erlitou culture' stage and date, and erect a reliable aging ruler for researching; study which culture passes into the reach of Erlitou culture, and constructs a time-space frame for these cultures in china; compares the develop levels of archaeological cultures of different areas with each other, and summarizes the time-space imbalance of different cultures; makes the structure of archaeological culture clearly, and discusses the relationships between these archaeological cultures which center on the Erlitou culture and which out of the reach of it.The first section includes 2 chapters, generalizing the develop stages of Erlitou culture by observing the evolutional law of its pottery in different areas, and inquiring into its stages and dates, providing with a reliable aging ruler.The first chapter of 1st section, selecting 14 typical sites of Erlitou cultures fromYiluo of Zhengzhou, plains of east Henan province, mountainous regions of western Henan province, Nanyang basin, plains north of Yellow river and east of Taihang mountains, Southern Shanxi province, and laying emphasis on staging research, dividing Erlitou culture into 3 periods and 5 parts.The second chapter of 1st section, taking the examples of analyzing the remains of "Xinzhai period" and horizon links discovered in the site of Dashigu in Zhengzhou, defining the upper and low bound of its relative date in the sense of horizon, pointing out, Erlitou culture later than "3rd period of Wangwan culture" but earlier than the lower stratum 1st period of Erlitou culture, basing on these results and choosing C14 data in the light of results of staging researches in archaeological culture, discussing the dating of Erlitou culture by Ch, maintaining that, it is reliable to consider the age of Erlitou culture is about BC 1900-1500.The second section includes 6 chapters, centering on the distribution of Erlitou culture, by discussing the stage and date of more than 20 archaeological cultures which distributed over 6 natural territories, inquiring into the degrees and ratios of these archaeological cultures, and discussing the cultural structure of this period from point of view from space-time angle.The first chapter of 2nd section, Shandong province, northern Jiangsu province and Liaodong peninsula, distinguishing the remains of Longshan culture which corresponds to the Erlitou culture, dividing the Yueshi culture into 3 periods, pointing out that the remains of Liaodong peninsula which typified by 2nd period of Shuangtuozi culture belongs to Yueshi culture, and the early, middle period of Yueshi culture belong to Erlitou culture. At the same time of this period, there are remains of native cultures typified by Mashiweng coffin burial in Liaodong peninsula.The second chapter of 2nd section, northern china plains east to the Taihang mountains, making staging researches for remains of Huishan culture, Zhanghexing pre-Shang culture and Nanguanwaixing culture which east to Taihang mountains, and remains of Dongxiafeng culture, Relics in the center of Shanxi province in the Erlitou culture period and late period of Youyao culture which west to the Taihang mountains,and comparing them with different periods of Erlitou culture. Redefining the intensional meanings of Huiwei culture and Dongxiafeng culture, and pointing out, early and late period of Huiwei culture correspond to middle and late period of Erlitou culture; early, middle and late period of Dongxiafeng culture and Zhanghexing pre-Shang culture correspond to the early, middle and late period of Erlitou culture respectively. Early, middle parts of remains of late period of Youyao culture correspond to the early period~lst part of middle period and late period of Erlitou culture.The 3rd chapter of 2nd section, northeast and parts regions south of Yan mountains, it proves that the staging in low layer of Xiajiadian culture with new materials, and showing that the middle period of low layer of Xiajiadian culture in western regions of Liaoning province, early period of low layer of Xiajiadian culture in northern Hai river system and early period of Gaotaishan culture corresponds to the Erlitou culture, distinguishing the remains of Miaohoushan culture and Xiaolaha culture which belong to Erlitou culture.The 4th chapter of 2nd section, northwestern areas, staging some remains in Ordos region, for example, differing the remains of native Huabiangelei culture from the foreign remains of Xishanping in Keshengzhuang culture, with the help of remains of Erlitou culture in the site of Zhukaigou. Dividing the remains of Huabiangelei culture into 3 periods, and its early, middle and previous late periods correspond to the early, middle and late period of Erlitou culture. By using of horizon links in the site of Xishanping, dividing the remains of Xishanping into 2 groups which correspond to the early, middle and late period of Erlitou culture respectively. Looking closely at the previously staging of Qijia culture by making use of sites of Liuwan in Qinghai province and Donghuishan in Minle, maintaining that the 3rd period of Qijia culture, 1st, 2nd and 3rd period of Shibei culture correspond to the Erlitou culture.The 5th chapter of 2nd section, the Changjiang River Vally, staging the Sanxingdui culture in Sichuan basin upper reaches of Changjiang River, and showing that the early, late stages of Sanxingdui culture correspond to the middle and late period of Erlitou culture respectively. Under the attacking and influence of Erlitou culture, the remains ofShijiahe cultore in Jianghan Plain moving into the"low bank Period,,,and its eaily,middle,late period corresPond to the early, middle and late stage of Eilitou culture,distinguishing the Doujitai culture in Ning心ity whieh has the same age as thearchaeologieal culture remains in the period of Eriitou culture.ComParing the Maqiaoculture with Erlitou eulture,getting the idea of the early, middle stage of this eulturecorresPond to theearly' late middle to late Period of Eriitou eulture. The 6th ChaPter of Znd seetion,southeastem Fujian Provinee,eoastal areas ofGongdong Provinee and South of the Five Ridges.Erecting an aging mark for these areasby analyzing the Zhoubianshan eulture whieh eorrespond to the Erlitou eulture.ComParing Maqiao culture and Zhoubianshan eulture with remains of Houshanlei,Sh议iaZhongeeng,Shanqiu and Beiqiu of these areas,distinguishing the remains whiehbelong to the Erlitou culture. The third seetion ineludes 3 ehaPters.APProaching start from culture relationshiP,and from tlie point view of trends,diseussing the eulture strueture in the Period of Erlitou伪lture. The lst ehaPter of 3rd seetion.By requiring into the stages of all arehaeofogicalculture in this Period,generalizing its imbalanee and stagnation,and getting 2 levelswhieh used to study the arehaeologlcal eulture strUeture of Erlitou eulture,the first leveleenters on Erlitou eulture,investigating the relationshiPs between Eriitou eulture andarchaeologieal culture influeneed by Erlitou culture,the second level 15 studying therelationshiPs between arehaeological euture whieh influeneed by Erlitou eulture andwhieh not. The Znd eh叩ter of 3rd seetion.Proeeeding from the sPaee一time change of Erlitouculture,investigating center on Erlitou eulture:its conftontation with助ngshan eultureand Yueshi culture,its mutualites with Huiwei culture,Zhanghexing eulture,Nanguanwa议ing culture,Dongxiafeng culture and basins in the center of ShanxiProvinee.Conveying to the low layer of Xiajiadian culture in westem Liaoning Province,invasion to Keshengzhuang culture and influenees at Shijiahe culture,Sanxingdui culture,Doujitai culture,Dianjiangtai culture,Maqiao eulture.Summarizing the postures andtraits of culture conveying in different periods.The 3rd period of 3rd section, studying 4 groups of relationships between archaeological cultures which influenced by Erlitou culture and which not: for example, the relationships between Yueshi culture, Shangmashiweng coffin burial, Miaohoushan culture, Gaotaishan culture and Xiaolaha culture; the relationships between relics in the center of Shanxi province in the Erlitou culture period, late period of Youyao culture and remains of Huabiangelei in Ordos region; the relationships between Keshengjia culture, Qijia culture and Sibei culture; the relationships between Maqiao culture, Zhuangbianshan culture, remains of Houshanlei culture, Shixiazhongceng culture, remains of Shanqiu culture and remains of Qiubei culture. Setting out from these four groups of relationships, observing the cultural conveys and communications between archaeological cultures which influenced by Erlitou culture and which beyond its influences, and inquiring into the reasons why the conveying of Erlitou culture being blocked.