To The Reality Of Individuals, From The Abstract Individual

According to the critique of Hegel's dialectic and general philosophy in Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844), Hegel's philosophy is the main object of Marx's critique of metaphysics. Based on this point, the history of metaphysics can be separated into three parts: the metaphysics before Hegel, Hegel's metaphysics and the metaphysics after Hegel. The former two parts form the completed metaphysics. The last part is the disintegration of the completed metaphysics.The dissertation comprises four parts.The first part is the summarization of Marx's main view points on metaphysics. Based on the Article 1 of Marx's Theses On Feuerbach, the key word of Marx's critique of metaphysics is sensuous activity and the clues for the critique are substance and subject. First we must clarify the original expression of sensuous activity in every period of the completed metaphysics. After that we should study the forms in Hegel's philosophy which are transformed from the original expression. Then, though Marx's critique of Hegel's philosophy we can achieve the real history which the completed metaphysics expressed indeed.The second part discusses Marx's critique of the traditional metaphysics before Hegel.The doctrine of metaphysics originates the ancient Greek philosophy. The origin contains two directions. One is the direction lead to the metaphysics of ontology which is the fundamental of recent metaphysics, the other is the direction in which the reality of beings disintegrated by the instant of beings. And the latte is the cradle of the metaphysics revolution launched in the range of contemporary basic ontology. In the traditional metaphysics before Hegel, the principle of substance concentrated on the abstract individual as specific being and the principle of subject concentrated on the abstract individual as specific self-consciousness. The foundation of both is the form of abstract individual. All the views of traditional metaphysics are based on the abstract individual.The third part is Marx's critique of Hegel's metaphysics.In the completed metaphysics Hegel's expression of traditional metaphysics is the development of form in itself. Hegel proceeds to the next step. He regards the course of speculative logic not only as our ideology but also as the being itself. So he eliminates the one-sidedness of the abstract individual as specific self-consciousness and puts the antagonism between consciousness and beings into the theory. Hegel's reality is called objective spirit. The achievement of Hegel's philosophy is to view the beings as a course of development, and his limitation is the principle of internality of consciousness.Feuerbach puts all the conception of being under that of human's being. It makes all being come into integration under this foundation. He resolves the religious essence into the human essence. But he still regards the human essence as the abstraction inherent in each single individual. So Feuerbach restores the sensuous being of human being, but his theory doesn't break through the principle of the internality of consciousness.Marx establishes the real principle of sensuous activity and gives the realistic individual. He expounds realistic individual conception, and views the process of development from human into the human as being human as history. Marx's principle of objective (gegenstandliche) activity points out there is no completed subject and the limitation of human's being doesn't mean the being of human is uncompleted being but means the being of human is a course of self-create, which is the same thing with the course of self-understanding.The fourth part is the critique of the present situation of metaphysics.The most important reality of modem society is the dominant position of technology metaphysics. The principle of technology metaphysics is given by Hegel. In Marx's expression the essence of modernity is modern metaphysics and the most important reality is alienation. The profoundest critique of modern metaphysics is given by both of Marx and Heidegger.Marx reveals that the basis of traditional view point of metaphysics is the limitation of human's being, and hence it becomes the boundary between the traditional view point of metaphysics and the Dasein metaphysics of contemporary basic ontology. Marx insists that the self- alienation and the sublation of the self-alienation are in the same way. It implies that the boundary of the completedmetaphysics is in the completed metaphysics itself. Marx's Critique of Hegel's philosophy gives not only the critique of Metaphysics but also the critique of modernity.