The Deep Exploring Of Human Mind

The unconscious, an authentic component in the depth of human being's psyche, has been of great interest to the both eastern and western scholars. Many ideologists, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle is ancient Greece and Chuang zi in ancient China, had initially carried on to the the themes of unconscious problem .For example, Socrates' dissertating "spiritualism", Plato's touching "enthusiasm ", and Aristotle's differentiating consciousness into levels. Obviously, the researches they had done into this field were no more than obscure guesswork and had the color of mysterious doctrine. Western medieval ideologists Augustine and Aquinas came into Aristotle's theories and further classified consciousness in the framework of theology. This approach indicated a direction for the later research and also laid foundation for the further study of the unconscious.If, say, western ancient and medieval ideologists mainly inquired into the un conscious field from the angle of philosophy, so in modern age, along with the further developments in philosophy, psychology, medical science and the physical science, some ideologists made fruitful researches in the field from newer angles such as philosophy, psychology and medical science,etc, and even expected to bring about a current of thought of the unconscious after 19th century. Descartes, Leibniz, Rousseau, Goethe, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Herder, Hartmann, Carls, Helmholtz, Fechner, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, etc, were outstanding elites during this period, they put forward various thought concerning unconscious. Such as the framework for analyzing consciousness and unconscious by Descartes; the "arithmetic of unconscious" concept by Leibniz; the "consciousness threshold" concept by Herbart; the "unconscious classification" by Hartmann, the "unconscious ratiocination" by Helmholtz; the theory "the subconscious be a mental energy" by Fechner; "subsisting consciousness" by Schopenhauer and the "power will" of Nietzsche, etc.,were all achievements that became the premise of the Freud's theory of the unconscious.The western scholars had already stepped onto a new stage in studies toward unconscious and developed fresher and clearer characteristics: first, they not only definitely put forward the concept of "unconscious", but also made use of the last word of aggressive results that obtained in philosophy and physical sciences at that time and in inheriting from ancient and medieval times, push the research of the unconscious to a new height, lay solid theories and methodology foundation for formation and systematization of theories about the unconscious ; Second,The method of positivism was adopted into the study of the unconscious which made the unconscious research change direction from philosophy to psychology, medical science, neurology and physiology,etc. having started to apply the concept of unconscious to experimental research; third, it brought about an unconscious current including mainly three kinds of thoughts as follows: namely supernaturalism unconscious, naturalism unconscious and non- rationalism unconscious.Although theories concerning the unconscious developed from ancient to modern times established thought premise for formation of the theories abut the unconscious, they were just prehistoric theoretical thought. Freud originated the unconscious theory in late 19th and early 20th century. This article mainly studies the Freud's theories since his individual unconscious theory and the internal skeletons. This article holds that the development of unconscious theories has gone through the following four stages:First stage. Systematization of unconscious theories—Freud's individual unconscious theories. Freud developed the useful and discarded the useless points of the previous achievements regarding unconscious and systematized them, combining his own clinical practice experience dealing with lunacy, put forward individual unconscious theories. The individual unconscious theories mainly include subconscious and consciousness, the unconscious and dream, the unconscious and appetency and Oedipus tendentiousness and etc. Freud divided human mental activity into two processes: the conscious and the unconscious proceses, and he took the unconscious process as the major part. He held that the unconscious process is the foundation and source of the conscious processes, and even is the basis of the human mental system. It is a wide and mysterious realm, in which a great deal of instinctive drives and suppressed desires mutually hustled together and the social customs, morals taboos and the laws prohibited these things by the root.Through analyzing the psychopathic, dream etc., Freud uncovered the impulse in the most original instinct within unconscious realm and namely sexual instinct. He viewed it as the foundation and core of the unconscious, the most original desire of the unconscious, it is subject to consciousness, and usually can't be satisfied but be suppressed, however, it is not exterminated, it has been acting secretly all the way and requesting directly or indirectly contented. The sexual instincive impulse been suppressed is a so-called Oedipus tendentiousness. To be exact, these things from deep dominated the whole human mental activity and become the origin of motives and intentions of the person. Therefore, the unconscious is the decisive part in the person's whole mental structure, is the core of mankind's psyche, and is the internal drive of mankind behavior. Freud's individual unconscious theories not only discovered the New Continent of mankind's psyche, but also expanded the new realm of psychological research.Second stage. Expansion of unconscious theories—Jungian collective unconscious theories. Being Freud's student, basing on an extensive but comprehensive research of various social cultural phenomena, Jung carried on to active developing-and-discarding to his teacher's individual unconscious theories, innovatively put forward "collective unconscious theories". Jung hold that the most worthy part of Freud's individual unconscious theories is the existence and function of individual unconscious, but the essence of human mental state isn't unconscious, so Freud's theories excessively exaggerative the function of the unconscious, further concluded the unconscious to sex instinct, impulse and desire and the vital motive of human behavior, summed human civilizations such as production, politics, science, arts and etc.to the suppression and sublimation of sexual drive, which not only turned the person's mental back to the extreme of biology, but also "vieing the unconscious too narrowly". Jung broke Freud's individual unconscious theories from the limitation of the biological angle and, at vaster social aspect, took social cultural factors into consideration.Jung hold that collective unconscious is the sedimentary deposits of social milieu and cultural history factors in the living creature and during the process of evolution, is the bequeathing of experience and common human instinct that generally sediment in the depth of men's psyche. Thereto, it is the result from both biologied heredity and cultural inheritance,is the composition of "prototype". The collective unconscious theories of Jung mainly studies prototype, then to cognition, motion, intention etc.—the common transcendental mental responding modality, which is the basic mental structural pattern. The prototype includes a personality mask, Anima, Animus and shadow. The collective unconscious theories of Jung expanded the research realm of the unconscious theories and deeply influenced the research approach of unconscious theories.Third stage. Deepening of the subconscious theories—Fromm's societal unconscious theories. By combining the biological points of Freud's individual unconscious theories and the societal points of Jungian collective unconscious theories, Fromm developed "social unconscious theories", deepening unconscious theories. He hold that "suppression" is the key to comprehend the unconscious, but not standing with Freud's interpretation of "suppression", he emphasized suppression can't be comprehended unless being viewed more than the individual aspect, including social aspect. Fromm thought that no society is unable to determine which thoughts and emotion can reach consciousness level and which can exist in the nconscious only, so the social unconscious must be existent and closely related with individual unconscious. But social unconscious consists of those thought and emotion its members have but disallowed by the society—Mainly refer to the widespread depressive part of spirits subjected to the society's morals.Although Fromm agreed with Jungian collective unconscious theories, he insisted that the differentiation of collective unconscious and social unconscious lies in: The former refers to a kind of inborn spiritual phenomenon and can't become consciousness; the latter refers to the suppressed part of general spirit. He further thought that this "suppression" is done through "social filters"—which keep some experience out of social member's consciousness, compressing down to the unconscious. The social filters work through three kinds of cultural factor occurrence a function again, these three main cultural factors are: language, logic ,and taboo, and these three factors constituted the main mechanisms of social unconscious. Fromm still made use of social subconscious and further studied social personality, social empathy and social narcissism and etc,driving the psychoanalysis across to social psychology realm.Fourth stage. The contemporary development of unconscious theories—the sprining-up of "cognitive unconscious theories". Since 1950s, along with the development of cognition science and cognition psychology, the research of unconscious gets into a new development period. Cognitive psychologists,taking cognitive science as foundation adopting a methodology of cognition, launching systematic researches of the unconscious field, put forward so-called "cognitive unconscious theories". Cognitive unconscious theories think the modern computer is the model to understand unconscious process. A great deal of on-board processes may run simultaneously without being noticed by any other process. The controlled information processing is done by individual control and occurs inside the cognitive process; but the automatic information processing has no command over, it occurs outside the cognitive process. The controlling process has something to do with the cognitive processing, but the automatic process have something to do with the unconscious or unconscious information processing. Cognitive unconscious includes all cognitive processes that can't be cognized, without considering the reason why they can't be felt. Therefore, the cognitive unconscious theories and psychoanalysis unconscious are different. Because its subconscious concepts are not applied to explain the consciousness compression, emotion, drive and protective function, the unconscious can be rational or unreasonable or get into consciousness through enforcement. Cognitive unconscious theories focus on two problems: the relation between unconscious and brain structure, and the relation between unconscious and implicit memory.To sum it up, cognitive unconscious theories not only extend subconscious realm, widening horizon of understanding unconscious phenomenon, but also be advantageous to promoting study, memory and mental states treatment.Based on all mentioned above, these four stages have intrinsic logic contact, that is to say, Freud's individual unconscious theories is the systematization of the historical unconscious guess works; Jungian collective unconscious theory is the judgment and expansion of Freud's individual unconscious theories; Fromm's social unconscious theory is the combination and deepening of Freud's individual conscious theories and Jungian collective unconscious theories; cognitive unconscious theories surmount the psychoanalytical unconscious theories represented by Freud, Jung, and Fromm, displaying the new development of unconscious theories. The unconscious theories open a wide door for human being's self-understanding, and the development process of unconscious theories then deeply reflected the track that the mankind continuously investigates into the depth of our own spirits.