On The Practical Materialism Viewpoint Of Nature

Marx's Viewpoint of Nature is just the same as the Practical Materialism Viewpoint of Nature, the essence of which is to understand thing, reality and sensuousness only in the view of Practice. The Practical Materialism Viewpoint of Nature includes the theories on the relationship between human and nature as well as the critical of traditional viewpoint of nature, emphasizing particularly on the former. The Practical Materialism Viewpoint of Nature is to treat the relationship between human and nature as the relationship between human and their actions in history. These actions happened in productive laboring. Only happening in productive laboring the relationship between human and nature has practical meaning. Nature science is used to study the nature, but only to use it with historical viewpoint can it be functional. The relationship between human and nature happening spontaneously is not enough for human, he intends to create it forwardly for himself. After all, liberating humans the aim of the relationship human intending to create. Above all, humanism can only exist in the world created by human himself.In chapter 1, the question is pit forward. The current understanding of Marx's Viewpoint of Nature is still not beyond the limits of traditional Viewpoint of Nature. In some textbooks, Marx's viewpoint of nature was divided into two parts: dialectic materialism and historical materialism. The later is the application of the former in social history. The fundamental cause of this problem is that nobody has understood Marx's Viewpoint of Nature on the standpoint of practical materialism. The essential character of Marx's viewpoint of nature that is different from traditional viewpoint is the concept: "man-made nature" ,which treats the relationship between human and nature as historical existence. From this point, Lukacs noticed the historical property of Marx's viewpoint of nature. However, can he conclude natural viewpoint as historical concept? Schmitt criticized him by saying "nature was swallowed by society", stressing there still is "natural substance" in society. He deeply analyzed the view of nature as "substance transformation" in the research of Marx's Economics, yet he couldn't understand Marx's viewpoint of nature. For the current study, scholars also try to solve the problem of viewpoints of nature in the textbook according to social historical thinking. But they still have not touched the root: what on earth is "man-made nature"? Did Marx use such concept to sum up the whole human world? The answer of this core problem is not enough but self-contradictive. Therefore, it is imperative to do some research on Marx's Viewpoint of Nature, also it is significant for human to solve the relationship between human and nature in current practice.In chapter 2, the theoretical core of practical Materialism viewpoint of Nature is demonstrated. Marx's viewpoint of nature is based on the view of practical materialism. Labor is the essence of practical materialism and the prototype of practice. Also it is the cradle of man-and-nature relationship as well as historical microstructure. Only based on labor can we find the genuine structure in the theory of human and nature relationship in Marx's viewpoint of nature. The human world is a world created by working, before that, nature is not changed by human. Labor is divided into two parts through working: one is man-made nature that us the product of labor, and the other is human nature that is the object of labor. Therefore, through working, nature becomes the "man-nature-body", which composed by two natural objective existence and nature becomes the "inorganic body" of human .The realistic nature is man-made nature, and that is the existence of "man-nature-body" .The history of the relationship between human and nature is the history of establishment and development of the "man-nature-body" . Labor not only created man-made nature as the condition of human survival, it also enjoyed the man-made nature. The object of labor is the cradle to human being. As human nature, it is always in a growing process. Through the object of labor transcend from ancient form into modern form, yet its essence has still not changed.In chapter 3, the relationship between object and subject in the viewpoint of nature of practical materialism is demonstrated. How does human become subject, and what is the essence of object ? It is the most important question in the viewpoint of nature in practical materialism. Human being was integrated into the process of working, and the relationship between human and nature was formed through working. Therefore, human as subject is the subject of labor. Nature as object is the object of labor. The historical concepts of subject and object originated from labor. Man-nature-body was formed through working; hence, the relationship between human and nature is of man-nature-body relationship, and the contents of man-nature-body (subject and object) changes according to different times. Thus, the historical existence between human and nature manifests the existence of subject and object. Human's freedom, from the standpoint of the relationship between human and nature, on one hand, it is a process to realize the essence of human being. On the other hand, it provides the foundation for man-made nature.In chapter 4, the value relationship between human and nature from the viewpoint of practical materialism is analyzed. Marx's viewpoint of nature on the relationship between human and nature is coherent with his theory of labor value. Different labor shaped different value relationship between human and nature. The different values between human and nature change with different labor. The forming labor is different from the formed one. Therefore, in ancient times, nature was the value object of the value relationship between human being and nature .Whereas in modern times, the value object is the nature as human's labor object. The precondition and rootstock of the value relationship between human and nature is the demands of human who was the value subject. But human's demands are essentially their living needs. That's material relationship between human being and nature, which is realized through productive work. Therefore, the value relationship between human and nature is the existence of social history. From the inherence of human's practice, the implement of this relationship includes two aspects: one is positive activity, and the other is negative activity. The positive activity forms the value principle, and the negative activity shapes the scientific principle. The practical materialism natural philosophy is the combination of value and science.In Chapter 5,the relationship between human and nature is analyzed as the basis of the relationship between human and society. In modern society, the relationship between human and nature is different from that in ancient tims. This difference can be generalized that the relationship between human and nature in modern society is a kind of existence in man-nature-body. The relationship between human and society is the direct connection of modernist, yet how to understand this basis if we treat the relationship between human and nature as the basis of that between human and society? To seek from practical materialism, we can trace back to practice. The relationship between human and society is the result of practice. Moreover, the realizing process melt into society organ. Society is an organism which is made of social organ. Social organ is not only the extension of the human body organ, but also the realization of the people's genius power. Social organ is not only the manufactory of man-made nature, but also the social forms from human nature to human. It is the basis to unify the relationship between human and nature and that of human and society. Social relationship is produced by social production, so social production is reason, social relationship is the result, whereas social organ is the basic cell of social relationship. However, in civil society, nature become complicated because of object which is human nature. Capitalist scholars regard this relationship as the relationship between human and nature. Thus, competition is considered as tool for human. Darwin took civil society to nature; Hobbes took nature to civil society. Marx considers the essence of civil society is its social production as well as completely conversing relationship between human and nature. In this kind of society, the activity of human life is contradict and opposed with his production, and capitalist's wrong theory about natural value is just estrange of the relationship between human and nature.In chapter 6, the theoretical and practical relationship between human and nature is discussed. This relationship always displays in two aspects, which is contained in the essence of human as a kind. From the view of practical Materialism, it's practical. The essence of theoretical relationship is nature science, yet it can be the essence of itself only as historical science. The idealism direction for natural sciences is the direction diverted from historical science but abstractly exists. The practical relation is not abstract practical relation, but the relationship established according to social history practice ,which contains historical development process. Only from practical can we see the development of the relationship between human and nature. Practical materialism natural view owns its theoretic logic which is different from that of traditional theory. The practical logic expounds from the actual existence of the relationship human and nature , also it can help us to master the unreal aspect. According to this, it starts from human's feeling. Human's feeling is the man-made natural existence, which is practical feeling, and the theory without practical feeling will be opposed to the genuine feeling. Marx said that smith's "discordant" theory is coherent with the "discordant" industry. Based on social historical practice viewpoint, the theoretical and practical relationship manifested Marx's conscious natural view. However, traditional natural view originated spontaneously. The difference is as follows: the relationship between human and nature in natural view originated spontaneously practice exists inevitably, whereas, the relationship of human and nature in natural view originated consciously and existed inevitably, whereas, the relationship between human and nature in natural view originated consciously and became the relationship processed through man's thinking.In Chapter 7, the historic essence of human's liberation in the Practical materialism viewpoint of nature is unscrambled. The liberation of human displays as various forms of political liberation. However, any kind of human liberation is also a course of the liberation between human and nature. The liberation of human is realized by the liberation between human and nature. Human liberated from nature. The relationship between human and nature exists as man-nature-body. The relationship between human and nature is established or the basis of human nature, which is resulted from the capitalist revolution. However, the practical materialism conceived that man-made nature is comparatively the existence of substantial strength; it is a mirror that reflects human's essence. Yet the estrange of man-made nature has become the shackles of the relationship between human and nature. The activities of human life are in disparity with the rational productive activities. Those who realized their individual value is only a coincidence. The natural and inevitable precondition of the activities of human life shows in self through The economic inevitability in modern society, which is the modern existence of historical natural inevitability. Human's revolution is also the direct existence for the nature consequence of human life activity's precondition, as well as the genuine answer for the contradiction of social humanitarianism and naturism. Marx wrote in《Economic and Philosophical Manuscript in 1844》:"in its initial stages society", which creates man-made nature, is preparing conditions for the people's liberation, and nature science is the revolutionary power to push the social development; "the society that is fully developed produces man in all the richness of his being, the rich man who is profoundly and abundantly endowed with all the senses, as its constant reality", the viewpoint of practical materialism considered that the essence of human and nature was established according to the historical practice on the condition of human liberation, human life is the essential practice, and the relationship between human and nature has become the tools during the active practice. Marx also wrote in《Economic and Philosophical Manuscript in 1844》"It is the solution of the riddle of history and knows itself to be the solution."...