Research On Phonetics Of Shangluo Dialects

Population of Shangluo can be divided into two groups from origin, the earliest groups are a native of this place and the people whose ancestors migrated Shangluo from Shanxi provinces at the time of Ming Dynasty, so they were called "the tall pagoda tree man", who were both original inhabitants, living in Shangzhou Danfeng and Luonan etc. cities and country towns. The others is Xiahu man whose ancestors migrated from Jiangnan Guangdong and Fujian seashore at the time of Qing Dynasty earlier stages with the Huguang filling with the southern Shaanxi movement, so they are called a settler from another province. The title resembles Hakka. The settlers from another province are divided into two parts, one part is called Xiahu man whose ancestors migrated from Jiangnan because of natural disasters, another parts are directly called Fujian man or Guangdong man, because their ancestors were forced to migrate from southeastern china by orders of government of Qing Dynasty. The Shangluo hasn't found Fujian village, while the other places of southern Shaanxi province have. At present Shangluo only has Guangdong village speaking Hakka.The original inhabitants of Shangluo speak local language, while the settlers from another province speak Xiahu dialects. The two dialects have competed and soaked and coexisted all along. The paper based on describing the features of Shangluo dialects, taking relations of two dialects as a clue, debates sound-changing phenomena in the phonetic history and the changes of the phonological structure after two dialects have gotten in touch with each other.The paper consists of six parts. The first chapter introduces the population origins of Shangluo and a survey of dialects. According to relevant historical document data, it classifies the Shangluo dialects two types, namely local dialect and guest dialects. The guest dialects inside can be divided into Xiahu dialects and Guangdong dialect of Shangluo according to immigrant origin. Besides some civilized names, the original inhabitants also call Xiahu dialects Manzi or hickory Manzi or sly Manzi, while the settles from another province call dialects rogue dialects or Zhaozi dialects or Taizi dialects. It also explains all sorts of wordings about Shangluo dialects.The second chapter discusses the internal classification of Shangluo dialects. First, we contrast the local dialects with Xiahu dialects From three planes such as phonetics vocabulary and grammar, and analyses their internal structure, furthermore describe their phonetics characters. The areas of Tongshan dialect and Bancang dialect in Changgou town of Shanyang county, Hakkas of Shangluo are not large, neither are the people speaking the three dialects, but they are very characteristic, so the chapter depicts their traits from phonetics and vocabulary planes.The Shangluo dialects are very complicated because of immigration. The local dialects belong to the north dialects, while the guest dialects belong to the south dialects. The local dialects develop faster than the guest dialects, the latter are relatively conventional. In fact their differences of phonetics structure at synchronic planes just reflect each phase of Chinese dialects at historical planes. The third chapter studies the phonological structure and historical changes from intiai consonant simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable and tone on the base of the synchronic planes, consulting QieYun and ZhongYuan phonology. Furthermore explains some phonetics phenomena of Chinese history.The forth chapter mainly contrasts Xiahu dialects with companion dialects, reveal the common ground and the difference, and explains internal mechanism which cause phonological structure to change.The fifth chapter discusses language influence after Xiahu accents have gotten in touch with local accents for three hundred years nearly. Not only studies the course of two types of dialects from competition to infiltration and to infiltration and to interference or borrowing, but also studies the results which are caused by two dialects influencing each other. Furthermore, discusses the social factors that affect Language contact applying theory and method in the social linguistics.Considering the facts of Shangluo dialects, The sixth chapter puts forward the standard of the classification of Chinese dialects, debates the theory of classification and regrouping with regard to Chinese dialects, and maintains that the classification and regrouping of Chinese dialects should persevere in three planes criterion and regard phonetics vocabulary and grammar as a whole, which accord with Saussure's theory namely language is sign system, but we also emphasize that three planes are not important on a par. thereinto, phonetics standard is a core and body, and vocabulary grammar standards are two wings. If only has a body, not having two wing, the standard is misshapen and incomplete. If only have two wings, not having body, the standard is a three without a root or water without a source. The paper avers that phonetics stand is core, and that vocabulary & grammar are necessary supplement. The paper also discusses the theory of classification and regrouping, deems that should detach classification of Chinese dialects and regrouping of idiographic dialects. When some dialects which are mixed and are difficult to be differentiated, we allow to exist middle state namely lingua franca. Theory stems from practices, theory guides practices. The paper in the light of the thoughts, suggests some new viewpoints on regrouping of Shangluo dialects, not same as previous standpoints, and enriches and develops the theory of the classification of Chinese dialects.