The Study On The Journalists During Qing Dynasty

This paper regards the social vicissitude, which impels the emersion and evolution of journalists as the mainline of study, diligently promulgates that under different social structure as well as political and cultural background, the characteristics of journalists in the very phase of Qing Dynasty and the evolutional track of the history.This paper consists of six chapters.Chapter is introduction. First, carries out the brief explanation with the status quo of the study, which is related to this paper and the significance of the study. Secondly, confesses the content and train of thought in the study of this paper, which is based on explaining the journalists'connotation. Finally, dissects the emphasis, the difficulty, and the innovation of the study in this paper.Chapter One is to carry out the comprehensive review of the history from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty just before Ming Dynasty which shows the emersion and development of the journalists. And point out the group of journalists who had independent trade consciousness had not yet formed during Tang Dynasty; the earliest professional journalists in China appeared during Song Dynasty, but the operators of tabloid in Song Dynasty still could not be considered as the professional journalists on complete significance; after the middle period of Ming Dynasty, with the publication of legitimate civilian-run Peking carette, the vocational journalists who took newspaper business as jobs just stepped onto the stage of history.Chapter Two is to thoroughly analyze the social environment which made the development of newspaper business in the early and middle Qing Dynasty, to believe that the high completion of the thoughts which were controlled by news during the Qing Dynasty, and the developing of postal relay station with the improving of disseminative tools, as well as the prosperity of socio-economy and culture, had constructed the historical background and the social condition which made the newspaper business in Qing Dynasty spread out. Afterwards, unfolds all sorts of signs of the actual developing situation of newspaper business and the journalists who converted to the modern times during the early and middle Qing Dynasty.Chapter Three is to thoroughly analyze the journalism laws and decrees of the Qing Government, announce the essence of journalistic cases during the early Qing Dynasty, in order to investigate that before the outside attack, the fundamental reasons of the journalists in Qing Dynasty who could not easily convert to the modern time. Further poses the cultural autocracy and the brutal means to suppress the media in Qing Dynasty were the main obstacles to the journalism, which could convert to the modern times during early and middle Qing Dynasty, they were also the key elements to strangle all of the possibilities that modern journalists could emerge.Chapter Four mainly discusses the active characteristics of the foreign journalists who come to China in the early days and the profound influence which was produced towards the Chinese newspaper business by them. Point out that before the colonialist military force was invaded, the missionaries who come to China in the earliest time were not only the unveiling people of Chinese modern journalism, but also established the attention of the style and concept to the thought and culture of Chinese modern newspaper. Subsequent foreigner-run newspaper opened up the path of enterprise-disposition of Chinese newspaper.Chapter Five takes the socio-vicissitudes of final stage in Qing Dynasty as the background, analyzes the social historical origin that the new-type journalist gestated and emerged. Through the analysis of the elements to the socio-vicissitudes and the fission of intellectual stratum in the final stage of Qing Dynasty, and to the rise of new-style media in the transforming time provided a huge survival developing space for the emerging intellectuals, and to the scholars who transformed from traditional socio- role to the new-style professional people and so on, in order to grasp the historical remains and innovative characteristics of this newborn group.Chapter Six , regards over a hundred newspaper activists and theorists who were animate in the area of newspaper during Qing Dynasty as major study, divides them into three groups of different but coherent types, emphatically inspects their living conditions, thought characteristics and achievements in the press, tries to outline the social position and evolutional track of professional state as well as the artifice process of the conceptual vicissitude to the journalists.In this paper, the "Conclusion" shows that to the macroscopic comparison and analysis, puts the new-style journalists in Qing Dynasty on the frame of reference of ancient and western journalists, carries out its characteristics, positions and contributions for vertical and horizontal location.