Ideas Of Russian Religious Philosophy Viewed In The Perspective Of Russian Literature

As mentioned by Frank, a Russian philosopher,"not only Russian thought and spiritual life are intrinsically religious but also religion is interwoven with and penetrated into all the external realms of spiritual life, so Russian spirit is completely religious."Self-awareness and self-creation of Russian spirit are implied in Russian literature, religion and philosophy, all of which disclose what Russian spirit is used for and how it is created. Religion, which is of permanent conditionality as the code of Russian spirit, is the factor of Russian cultural and psychological structure, making religion interwoven with Russian philosophy and literature since they came into being.What differentiates Russians from other people in the world? What differentiates Russian literature from other literatures? I think it is the unique thought of apotheosis commonly owned by Russians. Russians realize the fundamental meaning of their self-existence by closely questioning and meditating the significance of God's existence. The people in many countries have their beliefs and also question the significance of existence and representation of gods and make themselves encounter with gods, but only the Russian meditation over the significance of existence of gods (God) is the most open, that is, the thought of apotheosis exist in each Russian who knows not only its presence but also a sense of its presence. The uniqueness of Russian thought of apotheosis results from this fact that Russians try to make themselves become godlike and be able to guide themselves and the world to some extent. The open existence of Russian thought of apotheosis is represented in their self-understanding of apotheosis, which involves all the range of existence of their emotions and will in the world, and Russian thinking and understanding of their existence in their thought of apotheosis promotes their intimacy with and attention to religion, literature and philosophy. Russian philosophy and literature is the special form of demonstrating the existence of Russian thought of apotheosis and the projection of such a Russian thought, which is used to extend and deepen the understanding of Russia, such a"sanctified"nation.In Chapter 1 of Internal Relations between Russian Literature, Religion and Philosophy, it is demonstrated how Russian religion is interwoven with and penetrated into Russian literature and philosophy and even build the Russian spirit by the analysis of the internal relations between Russian literature, religion and philosophy. Based on the criticism of German philosophy, born in the Russia-style philosophical explanations to Christianity, in accordance with the godfather's works of the Orthodox Eastern Church and in the principle of nationality representing Russian spirit, the independent Russian philosophy provides the most valuables for Solovyev to establish the religious and philosophical system. It is of great significance of cultural traditions of Christianity for Russian literature and religious ideas and concepts are the important speeches and spiritual resources of Russian literature. Religion provides prototypes for different Russian literary styles; Russian literature also explains the Russian religious ideas, and it is the comprehension of deep meanings implied in Russian religious ideas, which include the illustration and representation of religious ideas hidden in Russian self-understanding. Russian literary ideas not only carry the function of expressing Russian philosophical ideas but also bear the mission of representing Russian religious ideas. The internal spiritual vision of Russian philosophy and literature truly create and represent the connotation and meaning of"sanctification"of Russia, a special text. The essence and substance of"sanctification"of Russian spirit exist in Russian philosophy and literature.In Chapter 2 of Religious and Philosophical Ideas Contained in Russian Literature, some ideas such as"integrity","god-man theory","morality","unity of all"and"freedom"in Russian religion and philosophy are dealt with and the impacts of religion on Russian literature, Russians and Russian destiny are analyzed from the representations of all these ideas in Russian literary works."Integrity", as one of the most important ideas in Russian religion and philosophy, earliest presented by Homiakov, contains the profound principle of unity, based on the commonality of people's spirits, morals and love. It is the free and organic entity whose living origin is the favor of mutual love of gods."Integrity"intrinsically exists in Russian literature, which is one of the basic modes of Russians pursuing the absolute truth and cannot, in fact, be separated from the following three aspects: its thinking of freedom, absolute truth and love, that is, the thinking of the entire spirit. Russian literature uses the common Russian language, spirit and sense of morality as well as love to represent their ideas of"integrity but difference", which provides evidence for its integrity in nature.The religious and philosophical idea of Russian"god-man theory"regards divinity as the basis of humanity. Only in the sacred divine can the complete humanity be shown, and divinity represents the supreme humanity; humanity should be the representation of divinity and grasped in the highest grade of divinity and measured by divinity. The religious and philosophical idea of"god-man theory"is represented in Russian literature that sings the divine spirit of the suffered Russians. Such a characteristic of Russian literature makes Russians able to keep its divine uniqueness. Dostoyevsky's bitter questions about humanity in all his works represent his desire for possible realization of human divinity."He put all men and women in novels in the difficult and unbearable circumstances to forge them, which not only discloses the superficial whiteness and finds out the evils hidden at bottom but also finds out the true whiteness hidden in those evils."Merezhkovsky also mediated over the relations between divinity and humanity in his literary works. He developed Dostoyevsky's tradition and his three works of Christianism and Antichristianism are the understanding and disclosure of the relations between divinity and humanity and also the representation of spiritual pains of Russians.Solovyev's religious and philosophical idea of"morality"regards the concept of goodness as the object to"illustrate all the thoughts of rationality evoked by experience in the concept of goodness and give a correct answer to the main problem facing use, the problem on content or significance that our lives should have". Solovyev's religious and philosophical idea of"morality"provides a reference system for Russian literature to portray Russian pursuit for perfection of morals and the thinking of Russian literature over morals aims at disclosing the real world of Russia itself in the perspective of all the Russian cultural deposits and rewriting the concept of literary criticism of morals. It points to not only any evil in the real world but also the goodness pursued in Russian mental world, of which the significance of existence of goodness is put in the prominent position, that is, Russian literature is entitled with showing the significance of the goodness from God to existence of human life. Rejuvenation represents Tolstoy's pursuit for perfection of morals, which is the works written by Tolstoy deeply feeling the crisis of morals. Master and Margarita shows Bulgakov's concern of permanent morals and his belief in God, truth and human ethics.The religious and philosophical idea of Solovyev's"unity of all"refers to the unity of complete knowledge (including rationality) and belief. He thinks that the highest mission of art is to"completely represent the completion of such a spirit, realize the absolute beauty or establish the spiritual organism in the universal."The idea deeply influences the thinking of Russian literature of"eschatology"over the relations between human beings and the nature and between human beings. Rationality and belief are wonderfully integrated in some literary works of"eschatology"of Astafeyev, Lasputin and Etmatov, etc. With the crisis of doomsday caused by the development of human civilization, the writers hope that they can use their works to evoke people's conscience and rationality, their pursuit for truth and beauty, realize the self-perfection of morals and the internal unity of truth, goodness and beauty. The topics of eschatology of Russian literature are the permanent calls for realizing the internal unity of truth, goodness and beauty.In Belgayev's religious and philosophical idea of"freedom", freedom as the first entity, exists earlier than the world and God also depends on freedom to play the decisive role and is acted on freedom. Freedom not only belongs to God but also is owned by human beings."The human freedom results from God and human freedom has the same source with human life."Belgayev called himself the son of Dostoyevsky in mind. Dostoyevsky's knowledge of freedom is prominently represented in his Brothers Kalamazov, in which the problems of freedom of God and man as well as God and man most perplex the"Lord Chancellor of Religion". Such a perplex also tortured the whole life of Dostoyevsky.Russian religious philosophy, depending on its understanding of Christianity, constructs the ideas full of Christian humanitarianism. It especially emphasizes the concern of human destiny, human spiritual world and life and give a deep influence on concern of Russian literature of significance of human life, value of existence, human destiny and relations between human beings and Go18d, etc. The religious and philosophical ideas contained in Russian literature and the ultimate care and supernatural meanings contained in the ideas provide the spiritual comfort for Russians in the changeable conditions today and meet their psychological demand, which is also the main reason for renaissance of Russian religion today. In Chapter 3 of Thinking of Renaissance of Russian Religion Today, the fault setting of human nature in Russian religious philosophy is discussed and analyzed in the perspective of Marxism and starting from the"realistic man". The fundamental fault of the ideas on humanity and human nature in Russian religious philosophy lies in changing human nature into the fantastic reality, talking about the problems of humanity and human nature without the concrete historical conditions and specific social relations in which that human beings survive. Studying the problems of humanity, Marx and Engels emphasized to discuss a person in the concrete historical conditions, which shows the historicity of humanity. However, religion constructs the person with the organic life and blood and pulse as well as belief. Without these, human life is of no significance. Marx discussed human beings in the perspective of sociality and practice, thinking that"human beings are the total social relations", but Russian religious philosophers neglected sociality of humanity in studying it. In their opinions, the significance of human life discovered in philosophy is not historically prescribed living meaning but the permanent and absolute meaning, which are represented in human divinity.It is because of the fault setting of human nature that Russian religious philosophers cannot deeply grasp the nature of all the problems, so Russian religious philosophy, in fact, is a Utopian theory neglecting the realistic survival conditions of individuals and others and starting from non-realistic individuals, thus unable to truly emancipate individuals from the realistic survival conditions and realize the true free personality. The renaissance of Russian religious philosophy today and transformation of Russian literature are the representations of Russians trying to pursue human freedom by religious belief, but can the true and realistic human nature be rejuvenated by reusing the religious and philosophical ideas as guidance? Marx earlier said"freedom is intrinsic of human beings, indeed and the opponents of freedom also try to realize freedom when they are against the realization of freedom."As the characteristic of human nature, human freedom is always represented in the concrete human reality, historicity and sociality, but the fault setting of human nature in Russian religious philosophy further brings about its foreignization of human freedom and human objectives are"represented in the sacrifice of their own objectives for some purely external objectives", and in such a situation, the individual development is represented in complete void. Just like what Marx said,"the first prerequisite for the whole human history is undoubtedly the existence of individual life", and the"realistic individual"should be the footing of Russians looking for, facing and developing themselves and the correct prerequisite and basis for all the basic categories in Russian philosophy as well as the starting point for Russians today to truly realize"cogito".