Kalmyk Language And Mongolian

Kalmyk language is one of Mongolic languages and also the official language ofthe Autonomous Republic of Kalmykia in Russian Federation. It is important for boththe comparative research of Mongolic languages and the comparative research ofAltaic languages to describe the Kalmyk oral language and study the Kalmyklanguage's historical development.This paper described in detail the phonetic sound and the morphology of thelanguage on the basis of Kalmyk language field study in 2004 with the descriptionand statistils approach.The author studies Kalmyk language and Mongolian language with the historicalcomparative approach, discusses the language's historical evolution in order to findthe relations of the two languages and the law of language development, and coverssome important linguistic phenomenon by the historical comparative research on therelated languages in Altaic family such as Mongolic group, Turkish group andManchu-Tungusic group.This paper concludes three parts of introduction, the body and conclusion. Theintroduction states the general introduction to Kalmykia, the significance and themethodology of the research of Kalmyk language, the survey of the research and thefield study of the language, and covers the introduction of developing the corpus ofthe language.The body of this paper divides into two parts of pronunciation and morphology.In the aspect of phonetic research, the chapter one describes the phonetic system andits characteristics of Kalmyk language.(1) There are the front vowels of (?), (?), (?) (?), (?), (?), and the back vowelsof (?), (?), e, e:, i, i:,φ,φ:, y, y:, in Kalmyk language.(2) There are plenty of front vowels in Kalmyk language, but there is only onediphthong of (?)～(?).(3) There is the vowel harmony rule of the position, but not the rule of the lips inthe language.(4) There are five dependent vowels in the non-initial syllable of (?), (?), (?),(?),(?).(5) There are single consonant of b, p, m, d, t, n, l, r, z, ts, s, (?), (?), s, (?),j, g, k, G, x, (?) and the palate consonant of (?), (?).(6) Kalmyk word stress has not the function of distinguishing word sense andplaces in the first syllable.In the chapter two, the author studies Kalmyk sounds and Mongolian soundscomparatively, finds out the correspondence law of sounds between the two languages,and covers the history of Kalmyk sound development. She paid her more attention onthe history of development of long vowel. The differences of the conditions of theforward pronunciation position of vowel in Kalmyk language and Mongolianlanguage and the forward pronunciation position of the three Kalmyk vowels of areconcluded.(1) There is the distinguishing that producing between Kalmyk language andOirad dialect of Mongolian language. Besides elements of going forward Kalmyk vowel of (?), (?), (?) exist.(2) There is in the correspondence Kalmyk vowels of (?),φwith Todo vowels of(?), e. Because of the contrary assimilation by their next labial consonant and roundlabial vowel, some Kalmyk word-initial vowels of (?), e becomes the round labialvowels.(3) There is the phenomenon of the vowel i's change in Kalmyk language. It isattributed to the contrary assimilation by the vowel of the second syllable.①Thevowel i becomes the round labial vowel more easily than fiat labial vowel. In someword, the vowel i change into the round labial vowel because of the contraryassimilation by the short vowel in the second syllable. Hence, it can be inferred thatthe pronunciation of the vowel of the second syllable in the ancient word is distinct. Inthe other word, the vowel i change because of the contrary assimilation by the longvowel of the second syllable.②all the vowel i in the Kalmyk word headed by theconsonant of s is assimilated in the contrary.(4) The author covers the historical development and some changes of Kalmyklong vowel by the comparative researching between the three scripts of Kalmyk,medieval Mongolian and Todo. The author studies some changes of Kalmyk longvowel.(5) There are plenty of variations of nasal consonant in Kalmyk language, that is,n＞m, m＞n, n＞(?), (?)＞m.(6) Some Kalmyk word-initial fricative of s changes into an affricate of tsaffected by its next affricate sound.In the aspect of morphology, the chapter one of the second part describes indetail Kalmyk noun's grammatical category, grammatical form and grammaticalmeaning, and does a historical comparative research on the noun's grammaticalcategory in Kalmyk and Mongolian languages.(1) Kalmyk noun's stem divides into two parts of stable stem and unstable stem.As the objective case, the instrumental case and the co-operative case being added asa suffix, Kalmyk noun's unstable stem is off. Kalmyk noun's unstable are in commonwith that of Mongolian Todo noun, but distinguished from the other dialects.(2) Kalmyk noun owns the number cateory, the case category, the genitivecartegory, the comparative form and the form of general name. Among them:①thenumber category has two sub-categories of singular and plural forms. The specialplural forms are such as -(?)/-(?), -(?)/-(?), -(?)/-dy:d.②thecase category has ten sub-categories of the nominative case, the genitive case, thedative case, the ablative case, the instrumental case, the joint case, the co-operativecase, the oriental case and the confined case. Among them, the instrumental caseforms of -(?)/-(?) the oriental ease forms of -(?)/-(?) and the confined caseforms of-(?)/-(?) are new and special.③the genitive category has twosub-categories of the reflexive genitive and the person genitive. The person genitiveforms of -m, -mdn, -(?), -tn, -n, can be distinguished as the singular form and theplural form.④The comparative form can be ranked as the general rank, the lessrank, the more rank and the most rank.(3) It can be inferred from the comparative researching between on the case category in Kalmyk language and Mongolian language, Which is the differencebetween Kalmyk genitive sub-case and the objective sub-case from the correspondingMongolian that comes from the difference speech of the Oiradian who belongs to thedifferent family.The chapter two of the second part mainly studies the verb's grammatical categoryand its grammatical form, grammatical meaning and usage in Kalmyk language.Kalmyk verb has the categories of mood, tense, person, aspect, voice and theforms of verbal-noun and copulative verb. There are close relations among the threecategories of mood, tense and person.①the tense category has the forms indicatingpast, present, future and the beginning or completion of the action.②the personcategory has the forms of the first, the second and the third. The second person formhas two different forms of general and respect.③the expression and types of thecategories of mood and voice are similar to Mongolian language.The chapter three of the second part discusses the meaning, usage andcharacteristics of the person form of Kalmyk predicate and put forward the viewpointthat these grammatical forms are not particles, but a linguistic affix.The last part summarizes this paper and makes the part of the corpus and itstranslation as an appendix.